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Diabaste ta biblia odngiwv xrnsns (manuals), n eva kalo biblio gia to Unix. Oi selides bon8eias (manpages) (plnktrolognste man man) eivai suvn8ws mia kaln pngn avaforas plnroforiwv gia tov akribn tropo xrnsns mias sugkekrimevns evtolns n mias suvartnsns Uparxei episns kai polln evnmerwtikn bibliografia GNU n opoia eivai suxva pio xrnsimn ws ekpaideusn-e3asknsn (tutorial). Tre3te tov Emacs kai plnktrolognste C-h i, n plnktrolognste info info av dev exete n dev sas aresei o Emacs. Snmeiwste oti oi plnrofories tou Emacs gia tov libc (Emacs libc node) dev perigrafouv akribws tnv libc tou Linux (n opoia eivai perissotero sav mia libc paradosiakou Unix , xwris va exei kapoies apo tis idaiterotntes tou GNU), alla eivai arketa kaln gia mia ekpaideusn sto programmatismo tns C gia Unix. H teleutaia ekdosn twv selidwv bon8eias (manpages) gia to Linux kai mia sullogn xrnsimns bibliografias GNU kai diafores alles plnrofories sxetikes me tov programmatismo se Linux mporouv va bre8ouv sto sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/docs/man-pages.
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Deite to ELF HOWTO apo tov Daniel Barlow - snmeiwsn, auto dev eivai to arxeio alla3te se elf, to opoio eivai eva bnma pros bnma ma8nma gia to pws va avaba8misete se ELF movoi sas. To Linux allazei se diaforetikn morfn gia ta ektelesima, ta avtikeimeva kai tis biblio8nkes avtikeimevwv, gvwstn ws `ELF' (n palia morfn legetai `a.out'). Autn n morfn 8a exei polla pleovektnmata, sumperilambavomevns kaluterns upostnri3ns gia diamoirazomeves biblio8nkes (shared libraries) kai duvamikn suvdesn (dynamic linking). Kai oi duo morfes duadikwv, n a.out kai n ELF mporouv va suvuparxouv se eva sustnma. Wstoso, xrnsimopoiouv diaforetikes diamoirazomeves biblio8nkes C, pou 8a prepei va eivai kai oi duo egkatestnmeves. Av 8elete va ma8ete av tov sustnma sas mporei va ektelesei duadika arxeia ELF, kota3te sto /lib gia eva arxeio me ovoma libc.so.5. Av auto uparxei, pi8avotata mporei. Av 8elete va ma8ete av n egkatastasn sas eivai ELF mporeite va diale3ete eva avtiproswpeutiko programma, sav to ls, kai va tre3te to file se auto:
-chiark:~> file /bin/ls /bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped valour:~> file /bin/ls /bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped
Uparxei eva dior8wtiko (patch) gia va kavete tov purnva 1.2.x va metaglwttizei xrnsimopoiwvtas tous mettaglwtistes (compilers) ELF kai va paragei ELF coredumps, sto tsx-11.mit.edu sto /pub/packages/GCC. Dev xreiazeste auto to dior8wtiko gia va trexete ELF ektelesima. O purnvas 1.3.x kai metagevesteroi dev xreiazovtai ka8olou dior8wtiko.
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Ta .gz (kai .z) arxeia exouv sumpiesti xrnsimopoiwvtas to GNU gzip. Prepei va xrnsimopoinsete sto gunzip (to opoio eivai evas sumbolikos suvdesmos stnv evtoln gzip pou sumperilambavetai me tis perissoteres egkatastaseis Linux ) gia va aposumpiesete to arxeio. Ta .taz kai .tz eivai arxeia kasettas (pou ftiaxtnkav me to Unix tar) sumpiesmeva xrnsimopoiwvtas tnv evtoln tou Unix compress. Ta .tgz (n .tpz) eivai arxeia kasetas sumpiesmeva me to gzip. To .lsm eivai eva stoixeio Xartn Logismikou Linux (Linux Software Map entry), se morfn evos suvtomou arxeiou keimevou. Plnrofories gia ta LSM kai o idios o xartns eivai dia8esima stov upokatalogo docs sto sunsite.unc.edu. To .deb eivai eva duadiko paketo Debian - n morfn duadikwv paketwv pou xrnimopoieitai apo tn diavomn Debian GNU/Linux. Xrnsimopoieitai me to dpkg kai to dpkg-deb (dia8eseima sta sustnmata Debian kai apo to ftp.debian.org). To .rpm eivai eva paketo Red Hat, to opoio xrnsimopoieitai apo tis diavomes Red Hat. Auta briskovtai sto ftp.redhat.com. H evtoln file mporei suxva va sas pei ti eivai eva arxeio Av blepete oti to gzip parapovietai otav prospa8eite va aposumpiesete eva gzipped arxeio, mallov to katebasate (downloaded) se morfn ASCII kata la8os. Prepei va katebazete ta perissotera arxeia se duadikn morfn (binary) - va 8umaste va plnktrologeite tnv evtoln binary sto FTP priv xrnsimopoieite to get gia va katebasete to arxeio.
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Eikoviko sustnma arxeiwv (Virtual File System). Eivai to afairetiko epipedo avamesa sto xrnstn kai to pragmatiko sustnma arxeiwv opws ta ext2, minix kai msdos. Meta3u allwv n douleia tou eivai va adeiazei tnv proswrivn evdiamesn mvnmn (buffer) avagvwsns otav avtilambavetai allagn diskou se eva odngo eukamptns diskettas:
VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0---------------------------------------------------------------------
To `BogoMips' eivai mia parafrasn tou `Bogus MIPS'. MIPS snmaivei (avaloga me tov poiov akoute) Ekatommuria Evtolwv ava Deuterolepto -Millions of Instructions per Second-, n Avousia Evdei3n Taxutntas tou Epe3ergastn -Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed-. O ari8mos pou emfavizetai kata tnv ekkivnsn eivai to apotelesma mias ba8movomisns sugxrovismou tou purnva, pou xrnsimopoieitai gia polu suvtomous brogxous ka8usternsns apo orismevous odngous suskeuwv. Xovtrika to BogoMips 8a eivai peripou:
386SX clock * 0.14
386DX clock * 0.18
486Cyrix/IBM clock * 0.33
486SX/DX/DX2 clock * 0.50
586 clock * 0.39
Av o ari8mos pou blepete eivai polu xamnloteros apo autov, isws exete piesei to koumpi Turbo
n exete ru8misei tnv taxutnta tns CPU la8os, n exete kapoio problnma lav8avousas mvnmns
Gia times pou exouv dei av8rwpoi me allous, spavioterous epe3ergastes deite to BogoMips Mini-HOWTO, sto sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/docs/howto/mini/BogoMips.
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To Linux Journal eivai eva mnviaio periodiko (evtupo) pou diati8etai sta periptera (!) (newsstands) kai mesw suvdromwv se olo tov kosmo. Steilte eva e-mail sto linux@ssc.com gia leptomereies.
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To Linux diati8etai dwreav kai kaveis dev eivai upoxrewmevos va katagrayei ta avtigrafa pou katexei se kapoia kevtrikn upnresia, etsi eivai duskolo va 3eroume. Polles epixeirnseis epibiwvouv apokleistika apo pwlnsn kai upostnri3n Linux, kai polu ligoi xrnstes tous Linux xrnsimopoiouv autes tis epixeirnseis, kat' avalogia. Ta newsgroups gia to Linux eivai apo ta pio poludiabasmeva sto diktuo, etsi o ari8mos eivai mallov stis ekatovtades xiladwv, alla swsta stoixeia eivai duskolo va bre8ouv. Wstoso, evas gevvaios tupos, o Harald T. Alvestrand Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no, apofasise va prospa8nsei, kai zntaei va tou steilete eva mnvuma sto linux-counter@uninett.no av xrnsimopoieite Linux, me eva apo ta akolou8a 8emata: `I use Linux at home' (xrnsimopoiw to Linux sto spiti), `I use Linux at work' (xrnsimopoiw to Linux stn douleia), n `I use Linux at home and at work' (xrnsimopoiw to Linux sto spiti kai stn douleia). Episns dexetai kataxwrnseis apo allous - rwtnste tov gia plnrofories. ask him for details. Evallaktika mporeite va kataxwrn8eite xrnsimopoiwvtas tis formes WWW sto http://domen.uninett.no/ hta/linux/counter.html. Stelvei tis metrnseis tou sto comp.os.linux.misc ka8e mnva, evallaktika koita3te sto aun.uninett.no sto /pub/misc/linux-counter n stnv proavafer8eisa web selida.
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Auto sigoura eivai eva 8ema "8rnskeutikou polemou"! Av 8elete va akousete tov Linus va leei pws to proferei katebaste to english.au n to swedish.au apo ftp.funet.fi (sto /pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds). Av exete karta nxou n tov odngo gia to megafwvaki tou PC mporeite va tous akousete plnktrologwvtas:
cat english.au >/dev/audioH diafora dev eivai stnv profora tou Linux alla stnv glwssa stnv opoia o Linus leei hello. H agglikn ekdosn exei diakwmwdn8ei polu kala apo tov Jin Choi ws "Hi, my name is Leenoos Torvahlds and I pronounce Leenooks as Leenooks." Gia esas pou dev exete ta aparaitnta gia va to akousete: O Linus proferei to Linux sxedov sav Leenus, opou to ee eivai opws sto feet alla mallov braxutero kai to u eivai mia polu braxutern ekdosn tou eu sto peur (av to proferete opws to u sto put mallov pervaei). 1/4tav o Ian Jackson milaei agglika to proferi Lie-nucks (u opws sto bucket) --- autn eivai mia agglopoinmevn profora pou basizetai stnv avalogia me to ovoma tou Linus, to opoio sta agglika proferetai ws Lie-nus (u opws sto put). Eivai fusika paradekto kai suvn8ismevo va metatrepetai n profora kapoias le3ns otav allazei glwsses. O Ian Jackson vomizei oti n profora Linnucks (braxu i opws sto pit, braxu u opws sto bucket) eivai la8os sta agglika, ka8ws dev eivai n prwtotupn soundikn profora, dev eivai mia logikn agglikopoinsns autns kai dev stnrizetai stnv agglopoinmevn morfn tou ovomatos tou Linus.
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