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Sto Linux 1.3.57 kai metepeita n morfn tou /proc/meminfo exei alla3ei kata evav tropo pou n ulopoinsn tou free dev katalabaivei.
Parte tnv teleutaia ekdosn, apo to sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/system/Status/ps/procps-0.99.tgz.
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Uparxouv duo rologia sto computer sas. To mnxaviko (CMOS) roloi douleuei pavta, akoma kai otav to computer eivai sbnsto, kai xrnsimopoieitai otav to sustnma 3ekivaei, kai apo to DOS (av to xrnsimopoieite). H suvn8ns wra sustnmatos, pou faivetai kai ru8mizetai apo tnv evtoln date, diatnreitai apo tov purnva oso to Linux trexei.
Mporeite va deite tnv wra tou rologiou tou CMOS, n va 8esete kapoio roloi apo to allo, me to programma /sbin/clock deite to man 8 clock.
Uparxouv diafora alla programmata ta opoia mporouv va dior8wsouv eva n kai ta duo rologia gia sustnmatikn poreia n metafora tns wras mesa sto sustnma.Merika apo auta mporei va eivai ndn egkatestnmeva sto sustnma sas. Ya3te gia ta adjtimex (dior8wvei poreia), netdate kai getdate (apla pairvei tnv wra apo to diktuo) n xntp (akribns plnrns leitourgiwv daemon gia wra diktuou).
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Swsta. Autn n duvatotnta exei epitndes apevergopoin8ei stov purnva tou Linux epeidn ta setuid scripts eivai sxedov pavta mia trupa asfaleias. Av 8elete va ma8ete giati, diabaste to FAQ gia to comp.unix.questions.
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To voumero `free' pou divetai apo tnv evtoln free dev sumperilambavei tn mvnmn pou xrnsimopoieitai ws disk buffer cache - n opoia faivetai stn stnln `buffers'. Av 8elete va 3erete posn mvnmn eivai pragmati eleu8ern, pros8eset to poso tou `buffers' se auto tou `free' - vewteres ekdoseis tou free deixvouv mia akoma grammn me autn tnv plnroforia.
To disk buffer cache teivei va au3avetai amesws meta tnv ekkivnsn tou Linux, ka8ws fortwvete preissotera programmata kai xrnsimopoieite perissotera arxeia, kai ta periexomeva mpaivouv stnv cache. Auto sta8eropoieitai meta apo eva diastnma.
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Auto eivai eva koivo sumptwma apotuxias va xrnsimopoin8ei lav8avousa gia tnv parapavw mvnmn. To akribes problnma e3artatai apo tn mntrikn plaketa (motherboard) pou exete.
Merikes fores prepei va evergopoinsete to caching sugkekrimevwv tmnmatwv sto BIOS setup. Deite sto CMOS setup kai eleg3te av uparxei epilogn va xrnsimopoin8ei lav8avousa gia tn vea mvnmn n opoia eivai apevergopoinmevn (S.t.M. n epilogn). Auto eivai pio suvn8ismevo se 486.
Merikes fores n mvnmn prepei va eivai se sugkekrimeves 8ures gia va xrnsimopoin8ei lav8avousa.
Merikes fores prepei va ru8misete braxukuklwtnres (jumpers) gia va evergopoinsete tn xrnsn lav8avousas.
Merikes mntrikes plaketes dev xrnsimopoiouv lav8avousa gia oln tnv RAM av exete perissotern RAM ava lav8avousa apo oti perimevouv. Suvn8ws mia lav8avousa tns ta3ns twv 256K 8a lusei auto to problnma.
Av exete amfibolia, eleg3te to biblio odngiwv xrnsns tns mntrikns plaketas. Av akoma dev mporeite va to ftia3ete epeidn n tekmnriwsn eivai aveparkns, isws prepei va steilete eva mnvuma sto comp.os.linux.hardware divovtas *oles* ties plnrofories - marka, ari8mos movtelou kwdikos nmeromnvias klp. etsi wste alloi xrnstes Linux va mporouv va tnv apofugouv.
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Mallov xrnsimopoieite non-shadow-password programmata, alla xrnsimopoieite shadow passwords.
Av eivai etsi, prepei va parete n va metaglwttisete mia shadow-password ekdosn twv ev logw programmatwv. To paketo shadow password brisketai sto (meta3u allwv): tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/sources/usr.bin/shadow-* Auto eivai o kwdikas. Mallov 8a breite ektelesima sto .../linux/binaries/usr.bin.
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Mallov exete to idio problnma opws sto '' Orismeva programmata (p.x. xdm) dev me afnvouv va kavw login.'', se mia akoma ptuxn:
Av xrnsimopoieite shadow passords prepei va balete eva gramma x n evav asterisko sto pedio tou password tou arxeiou /etc/passwd gia ka8e logariasmo, etsi wste av eva programma dev gvwrizei gia ta shadow passwords va mnv afnvei tov ka8eva va kavei login vomizovtas oti eivai evas logiariasmos xwris password.
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Mallov dev exete xwro avtallagns dedomevwv (swap) evergopoinmevo. Prepei va evergopoinsete tnv avtallagn dedomevwv gia va epitreyete sto Linux va topo8etnsei kommatia dedomevwv - programmatwv pou dev xrnsimopoiei autn tn stigmn sto disko, gia va exei pio polu xwro gia alla programmata kai dedomeva. Av dev to kavete, to Linux prepei va krataei ta dedomeva stn mvnmn kai va exei oloklnra avtigrafa twv programmatwv stn mvnmn (ta opoia topo8etouvati ekei ap' eu8eias apo to sustnma arxeiwv) kai etsi olo kai perissotera programmata briskovtai stn mvnmn kai ta pavta pave pio arga.
Deite to Installation HOWTO kai to Installation and Getting Started Guide ( Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn; ) gia plnrofories sto pws 8a stnsete mia katatmnsn avtallagns dedomevwv (swap partition) n eva arxeio avtallagns dedomevwv (swapfile) deite episns to `` H perioxn mou avtallagns dedomevwv dev leitourgei.''.
Episns, mporei va exete polu lign pragmatikn mvnmn. Av exete ligotern RAM ap' oti ola ta programmata pou trexete tautoxrova, to Linux 8a xrnsimopoiei to sklnro disko avt' autns kai 8a eivai tromero. H lusn se autn tnv periptwsn eivai va mnv trexete tosa programmata tautoxrova n va agorasete perissotern mvnmn. Mporeite episns va apoktnsete lign parapavw mvnmn metaglwttizovtas kai xrnsimopoiwvtas evav purnva me ligoteres epiloges evergopoinmeves. Deite to `` Pws avaba8mizw/avametaglwttizw tov purnva mou;''.
Mporeite va 3erete posn mvnmn kai / n xwro avtallagns xrnsimopoieite, me tnv evtoln free n plnktrologwvtas
cat /proc/meminfo
Av o purnvas sas exei dnmiourgn8ei me epilogn gia disko mvnmns (ramdisk) auto mallov eivai xamevos xwros kai 8a prokalei mia ka8usternsn. Xrnsimopoinste to LILO n to rdev gia va evnmerwsete tov purnva va mnv xrnsimopoinsei disko mvnmns (deite tnv tekmnriwsn tou LILO n plnktrolognste man rdev).
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Mallov exete kapoia problnmata egkrisns prosbasns n exete eva arxeio /etc/nologin.
Av eivai to teleutaio, topo8etnste tn grammn rm -f /etc/nologin sto /etc/rc.local n to /etc/rc.d/* arxeio.
Alliws, eleg3te tis egkriseis sto kelufos sas, kai ta ovomata twv arxeiwv pou emfavizovtai sta mnvumata la8ous, kai episns tous upokatalogous pou periexouv auta ta arxeia, mexri tnv korufn, mexri kai to root katalogo.
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Mallov steilate kapoia duadika dedomeva stnv o8ovn kata la8os. Plnktrolognste echo '\033c' gia va to dior8wsete. Polles diavomes Linux exouv mia evtoln reset pou kavei auto to pragma.
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Ekkivnste tov upologistn apo mia disketa avagkns (n apo zeugos disketwv, p.x. Slackware boot- kai root- disketes) (stov upokatalogo install twv Slackware mirrors) n to MCC boot floppy egkatastasns. Uparxouv episns duo kave-to-movos-sou paketa dnmiourgias disketwv avagkns sto sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Recovery. Auta eivai kalutera ka8ws exouv tov diko sas purnva, kai etsi dev diakivduveuete va "mnv exete" suskeues, sustnmata arxeiwv k.o.k.
Sto kelufos, kavte mount to disko sas me kati sav
> mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt
Tote to sustnma arxeiwv sas eivai dia8esimo katw apo tov katalogo /mnt kai mporeite va dior8wsete to problnma. 8umn8eite va kavete unmount to disko sas prnv epavekkivnsete (alla3te katalogo sto / prwta, alliws 8a leei oti eivai apasxolnmevo).
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Oxi, dev avakaluyate. Eiste profavws veos sto Unix kai prepei va diabasete eva kalo biblio gia va ma8ete pws leitourgouv orismeva pragmata. Stoixeio: n duvatotnta va sbnsete arxeia katw apo to Unix e3artatai apo to av exete tnv egkrisn va grayete stov katalogo stov opoio auta briskovtai.
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Eles3te to Printing-HOWTO Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn;.
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Uparxei eva sfalma (bug) sto programma clock(8) (to opoio suxva brisketai sto /sbin) -- metraei la8os to peri8wrio, mperdeuovtas ta deuterolepta me ta lepta. Parte mia vewtern ekdosn tou programmatos autou.
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Se purnves ekdosns 1.1.80 kai metagevesterous, to sumpiesmevo avtigrafo tou purnva, to opoio to LILO yaxvei va brei, exei metafer8ei sto arch/i386/boot/zImage. To vmlinux arxeio stov root katalogo eivai o asumpiestos purnvas, kai dev 8a eprepe va dokimasete va 3ekivnsete me auto.
Autn n allagn exei givei gia va eivai eukolotero va ftia3ete ekdoseis gia diaforous epe3ergastes, katw ap' tov idio pngaio kwdika.
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