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Av o sklnros diskos sas eivai tupou IDE n EIDE 8a prepei va diabasete to arxeio /usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide (eivai meros tou pngaiou kwdika tou purnva tou Linux). Auto to arxeio periexei polles xrnsimes sumboules sxetika me tous sklnrous diksous tupou IDE. Polloi sugxrovoi elegktes IDE kavouv tn metatropn meta3u `fusikwv' kai `logikwv' kulivdrwv/kefalwv/tomewv.
Stous sklnrous diskous tupou SCSI n prosbasn givetai me grammikous ari8mous evotntwv (linear block numbers). To BIOS dnmiourgei kapoious skiwdeis `logikous' kulivdrous/kefales/tomeis gia va upostnri3ei to DOS.
Suvn8ws to DOS dev 8a mporei va exei prosbasn se diaireseis tou diskou (partitions) pou ekteivovtai perav twv 1024 logikwv kulivdrwv, kai stnv kalutern periptwsn n evar3n tou purnva tou Linux apo tetoies diaireseis sklnrwv diskwv me xrnsn tou LILO 8a eivai problnmatikn.
Par' ol' auta mporeite va xrnsimopoieite tetoies diaireseis sklnrwv diskwv gia to Linux n alla leitourgika sustnmata pou exouv apeu8eias prosbasn stov elegktn.
8a suvistousa va dnmiourgnsete toulaxistov mia diairesn sklnrou diskou tupou Linux e3 oloklnrou katw apo to orio twv 1024 logikwv kulivdrwv kai va kavete tnv evar3n tou sustnmatos apo ekei. Se autn tnv periptwsn oi upoloipes diaireseis sklnrou diskou dev 8a exouv problnma.
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Gevika, auto eivai polu duskolo va givei se sustnmata Unix e3aitias tns poludiergasiakns (multitasking) fusews tous. H leitourgia epavaforas gia to ext2fs brisketai sta skaria, alla mnv perimevete va tn deite suvtoma stov upologistn sas.
Uparxei evas ari8mos logismikwv paketwv pou eivai dia8esima kai ektelouv tnv ergasia autn prosferovtas vees evtoles gia diagrafn kai, merikes fores, avtigrafn oi opoies metaferouv ta pros diagrafn arxeia se evav eidiko fakelo pou eivai gvwstos ws `kados axrnstwv'. Katopiv eivai epavaktnsima mexri va diagrafouv automata apo deutereuouses epe3ergasies.
Ws evallaktikn lusn, mporeite va ereuvnsete amesa tov idio to sklnro disko pavw stov opoio brisketai to sxetiko sustnma arxeio8etnsns. Auto proupo8etei polu douleia kai xreiazetai va eiste o diaxeiristns tou sustnmatos (root) gia va tnv kavete.
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Nai. Evas avasugkrotntns tou sustnmatos arxeio8etnsns Linux gia to ext2, to minix kai ta palaiou tupou sustnmata arxeio8etnsns ext eivai dia8esimos sto sunsite.unc.edu stov fakelo system/Filesystems ws defrag-0.6.tar.gz.
Oi xrnstes tou sustnmatos arxeiwv ext2 pi8avotata dev xreiazovtai avasugkrotntn ka8ws to ext2 periexei evav epipleov kwdika gia va diatnrei tnv katatmnsn tou sklnrou diskou (fragmentation) se xamnla epipeda akomn kai se ogkwdn sustnmata arxeiwv.
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Gia mia disketta pukvns eggrafns 3,5 ivtswv:
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440Gia mia disketta 5,25 ivtswv xrnsimopoinste fd0h1200 kai 1200 avaloga me tnv periptwsn. Gia tov odngo diskettwv `B' xrnsmopoinste fd1 avti gia fd0. Plnreis odngies sxetika me tn xrnsn twv diaforwv suskeuwv diskettwv mporouv va bre8ouv stn Lista Suskeuwv tou Linux { Q2.1 `Pou mporw va brw ta HOWTO kai peraiterw bibliografikn evnmerwsn' }. Isws xreiastei va tre3ete apeu8eias to mke2fs avti gia to mkfs -t ext2. H epilogn -m 0 leei sto mkfs.ext2 va mnv kratnsei ka8olou xwro stn disketta gia tov diaxeiristn tou sustnmatos. Suvn8ws to teleutaio 10% tns diskettas fulattetai pros xrnsn tou diaxeiristn sustnmatos (root).
H prwtn evtoln kavei tn basikn diamorfwsn tns diskettas evw n deutern dnmiourgei eva adeio sustnma arxeio8etnsns pavw s' autn. Katopiv mporeite va fortwsete (mount) tn disketta sav va ntav diairesn sklnrou diskou (partition) kai apla va avtigrayete (cp) kai va metakivnsete (mv) arxeia, klp.
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Mallov exete eva alloiwmevo sustnma arxeio8etnsns pou pi8avov ofeiletai sto gegovos oti to Linux dev termatise tn leitourgia tou kavovika priv va diakoyete tnv trofodosia n priv va epavaferete (reset) tov upologistn sas. Xreiazetai va xrnsimopoinsete eva sugxrovo programma termatismou leitourgias gia va dior8wsete to la8os. Gia paradeigma, to programma pou perilambavetai to logismiko paketo util-linux, to opoio eivai dia8esimo sto sunsite kai sto tsx-11.
Av eiste tuxeros to programma fsck (n e2fsck n xfsck kata periptwsn av
dev exete to automato empros8omeres tou fsck
Snm.: Mnv prospa8nsete va eleg3ete eva sustnma arxeio8etnsns to opoio exei fortw8ei (mount) ws avagvwsimo/eggrayimo. Auto perilambavei tn diairesn sklnrou diskou tou diaxeiristn sustnmatos (root) av kata tn diarkeia tns evar3ns tou purnva tou Linux dev deite to mnvuma:
VFS: mounted root ... read-only
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Otav kavete evar3n (boot) tou purnva tou Linux (n otav me dikn sas evtoln epitrepete tnv proswrivn apo8nkeusn) 8a prepei va deite to mnvuma:
Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space
Av dev deite kaveva mnvuma pi8avotata n evtoln swapon -av (n opoia
epitrepei tnv proswrivn apo8nkeusn) dev uparxei sto arxeio /etc/rc.local
n /etc/rc.d/* (ta sxedia
evar3ews sustnmatos) n exete 3exasei va kavete tn swstn kataxwrnsn sto
arxeio /etc/fstab, px:
/dev/hda2 none swap sw
Av deite to mnvuma:
Unable to find swap-space signature
exete 3exasei va tre3ete to mkswap. Deite tis selides egxeiridiwv gia
leptomereies. Leitourgei omoia me to mkfs.
Eleg3te to Installation-HOWTO (Egkatastasns) gia leptomereis odngies sxetika me to pws va stnsete mia perioxn proswrivns apo8nkeusns.
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Xrnsimopoiwvtas DOS (MS-DOS 5.0 n metagevestero, n OS/2), plnktrolognste FDISK /MBR (dev uparxei stis odngies xrnsews). Autn n evtoln 8a epavaferei mia tupikn kuria kataxwrnsn evar3ns (Master Boot Record) tou MS-DOS. Av exete DR-DOS 6.0, pngaivete sto FDISK kai epile3te "Re-write Master Boot Record".
Av dev exete DOS 5 n DR-DOS xreiazeste tov tomea evar3ews (boot sector) pou to LILO eswse otav to prwtoegkatastnsate. Elpizw va kratnsate ekeivo to arxeio, etsi dev eivai; Kata pasa pi8avotnta ovomazetai boot.0301 n kati tetoio. Plnktrolognste:
dd if=boot.0301 of=/dev/hda bs=445 count=1(n sda av xrnsimopoieite sklnro disko tupou SCSI). Auto mporei va sbnsei tov pivaka diairesewv (partition table) tou sklnrou sas diskou, gi' auto prosoxn! Av exete ftasei se apogvwsn, 8a prepei va xrnsimopoinsete tnv evtoln:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1n opoia 8a diagrayei tov pivaka diairesewv opws kai tov tomea evar3ews (boot sector) tou sklnrou sas diskou. Katopiv mporeite va epavadiomorfwsete (format) to sklnro sas disko me to logismiko tns protimnsns sas. Pavtws, n evtoln autn 8a katastnsei ta periexomeva tou sklnrou sas diskou aprospelasta. 8a ta xasete gia pavta ektos av eiste eidnmwv twv nlektrovikwv upologistwv.
Snmeiwste oti n kuria kataxwrnsn evar3ns (MBR) tou DOS 3ekiva apo opoiadnpote diairesn diskou exei prosnmav8ei ws `evergos' (alla movo apo mia). Mporei va xreiastei va xrnsimopoinsete to fdisk gia va 8esete kai va ka8arisete tis evergeis prosnmavseis apo tis diaireseis tou sklnrou sas diskou kata periptwsn.
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H evtoln diamorfwsns mias diskettas mporei va kln8ei movo apo to diaxeiristn sustnmatos (root), ave3artnta apo tis e3ousiodotnseis (permissions) tou /dev/fd0*. Av 8elete opoiosdnpote xrnstns va mporei va diamorfwvei (format) diskettes prospa8eiste va breite to programma fdformat2 to opoio 3eperva ta problnmata auta allazovtas to se setuid (chmod u+s fdformat2).
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Snmera kaveva apo ta sustnmata arxeio8etnsns tou Linux dev mporei va kavei sumpiesn mesa sto sustnma arxeio8etnsns.
Uparxei eva programma pou ovomazetai Zlibc kai to opoio epitrepei stis uparxouses efarmoges va diabazouv sumpiesmeva (GNU zipped) arxeia sav va mnv ntav sumpiesmeva. Afou to egkatastnsete mporeite va sumpiezete arxeia xrnsimopoiwvtas to gzip kai oi efarmoges sas 8a e3akolou8ouv va ta briskouv xwris va xreiazetai va alla3ete ta programmata sas. Koita3te sto sunsite.unc.edu stov fakelo /pub/Linux/libs. O dnmiourgos tou eivai o < Alain.Knaff@imag.fr>.
Uparxei evas odngos suskeuwv sumpiesews evotntwv (compressing block device driver) pou mporei va parexei amesn sumpiesn tou sklnrou diskou mesa stov purnva ave3artntws sustnmatos arxeio8etnsns. Ovomazetai `DouBle'. O pngaios kwdikas diati8etai sto sunsite.unc.edu stov fakelo /pub/Linux/kernel/patches/diskdrives. O dnmiourgos tou eivai o Jean-Marc Verbavatz < jmv@receptor.mgh.harvard.edu>. Snmeiwste oti, efosov o odngos autos sumpiezei tous desmous plnroforiwv (inodes - plnrofories diaxeirnsns) kai tous fakelous opws episns kai ta periexomeva twv arxeiwv, n emfavisn opoiasdnpote alloiwsns eivai polu pi8avov va eivai sobarn.
Uparxei episns eva logismiko paketo gvwsto ws tcx (Transparently Compressed Executables - Diafavws Sumpiesmeva Ektelesima Arxeia) pou sas epitrepei va tnreite ektelesima arxeia ta opoia spavia xreiazeste se sumpiesmevn morfn kai va ta aposumpiezete proswriva movo otav ta xrnsimopoieite. 8a to breite stis baseis dedomevwv tupou FTP tou Linux (Q2.5 `Pou mporw va brw uliko gia to Linux me FTP;'). Sxetikes plnrofories eixav episns avakoivw8ei sto comp.os.linux.announce. Snmeiwsn - dev eivai to idio pragma me to gzexe, to opoio eivai katwterns poiotntas efarmogn tns autns ideas.
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Blepe Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.
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Fortwste to (mount) kai pali. Av to arxeio /etc/fstab eivai swsto mporeite apla va plnktrolognsete mount -n -o remount /. Av to arxeio /etc/fstab exei la8n prepei va dwsete to ovoma tns suskeuns kai pi8avws kai tov tupo tns: p.x. mount -n -o remount -t ext2 /dev/hda2 /. Gia va katalabete pws ftasate se autn tnv katastasn diabaste to Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.
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Kaveva apo ta arxeia stov fakelo /proc dev eivai stnv pragmatikotnta ekei - eivai ola `plasta' arxeia pou dnmiourgouvtai apo tov purnva (kernel) gia va sas divouv plnrofories sxetika me to sustnma evw dev katalambavouv xwro sto sklnro disko.
To arxeio /proc/kcore eivai sav eva `yeudwvumo' tns mvnmns tou upologistn sas. To mege8os tou eivai to idio me to suvolo tns RAM pou exete kai, av zntnsete va to diabasete sav arxeio, o purnvas diabazei tn mvnmn.
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H epilogn pou epitrepei tn xrnsn sklnrwv diskwv me perissoterous apo 1024 kulivdrous apaiteitai movo ws tropos apofugns mias para3evias tou DOS kai 8a eprepe va apevergopoieitai otav xrnsimopoieite to Linux. Gia palaioterous purnves tou Linux xreiazetai va apevergopoieite tis perissoteres apo tis epiloges `advanced BIOS' (prongmevou BIOS) - oles ektos apo ekeivn pou afora tnv ereuva tou agwgou (bus) gia suskeues apo tis opoies mporei va givei evar3n tou sustnmatos.
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