ELLHNIKO Linux FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions with Answers) <author>Georgatos Photis <<htmlurl url="mailto:gef@ceid.upatras.gr?subject=LINUX-GR-FAQ" name="gef@ceid.upatras.gr">> Gewrgatos Fwtns <<htmlurl url="mailto:gef@ceid.upatras.gr?subject=LINUX-GR-FAQ" name="gef@ceid.upatras.gr">, <htmlurl url="http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef" name="http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef">> <date> Ekdosn 0.7 , 13-12-1997 <abstract> Auto to keimevo (Linux-Hellenic-FAQ) eivai n ellnvikn metafrasn tns listas me tis pio suxves erwtnseis (Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ) sxetika me to Linux, eva tupou Unix leitourgiko sustnma gia 386/486/586/686, Pentium xxx, K5, K6, Alpha, MIPS, 680x0 kai allous epe3ergastes. SHMEIWSH: Parallnla me auto to keimevo uparxei to <htmlurl url="http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/HOWTO/" name="Hellenic-HOWTO"> pou periexei plnrofories gia tnv ru8misn tou Linux, eidika gia upostnri3n tns ellnvikns glwssas kai upostnri3ns twv Ellnvwv. WARNING: This document contains greek, codepage 928. URL: <<htmlurl url="http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/FAQ/" name="http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/FAQ/">> </abstract> <toc> <sect>Eisagwgn kai gevikes plnrofories<label id="Eisagwgn kai gevikes plnrofories"> <P> <sect1>Ti eivai to Linux;<label id="Ti eivai to Linux;"> <P> To Linux eivai o purnvas evos klwvou tou Unix, grammevos apo to mndev apo tov Linus Torvalds, me bon8eia apo mia diaspartn omada hackers apo to Internet. Snmera otav leme Linux, evooume pleov olo to leitourgiko sustnma. To Linux teivei va exei POSIX sumbatotnta, kai exei oles tis eukolies pou 8a perimeve kaveis se eva movtervo plnrws e3oplismevo Unix, sumperilambavomevwv: <itemize> <item>pragmatikn proekxwrntikn poluepe3ergasia (preemptitive multitasking), <item>ideatn mvnmn (virtual memory), <item>diamoirazomeves biblio8nkes (shared libraries), <item>fortwma kat' apaitnsn (demand loading), <item>diamoirazomeva ektelesima (shared copy-on-write executables), <item>apodotikn diaxeirnsn mvnmns (proper memory management) kai <item>diktuwsn TCP/IP </itemize> Epipros8eta, to Linux upostnrizei: <itemize> <item>poluepe3ergastika sustnmata (SMP) <item>poluvnmatikn epe3ergasia (multithreading), <item>ektelesn Java efarmogwv apo tov purnva <item>diktuwsn IPX/SPX, bridging, routing, masquerading, tunneling </itemize> Trexei kuriws se 386/486/586/686, Pentium PCs, xrnsimopoiwvtas tis eukolies pou parexei n oikogeveia tou 386 gia tnv upostnri3n katastasns prostasias (protected mode). Metafores (ports) tou Linux givovtai gia olo kai pio pollous epe3ergastes. (Bl. <ref id="Ti eidous metafores (ports) gia allous epe3ergastes uparxouv;">) { Idiaiterotnta tou Linux eivai oti dev eivai emporiko proiov kai mporei va diavemn8ei (avtigrafei) eukola. To Linux diavemetai me basn tnv adeia avtigrafns kata GNU (GPL, General Public License). (bl. 1.6 kai http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~trent/gnu/ ) } Gia perissoteres plnrofories gevika gia to Linux (bl. 2.X) ---------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti logismiko (software) upostnrizei;<label id="Ti logismiko upostnrizei;"> <P> To Linux exei GCC (metaglwttistns gia C++), Emacs (Epe3ergastns keimevou), X-Windows (GUI), ola ta suvn8ismeva ergaleia tou Unix, TCP/IP (SLIP,PPP), kai ekatovtades efarmoges gia UNIX pou exouv metaglwttistei n metafer8ei. Oi efarmoges pou uparxouv kaluptouv kai tis pio eidikes avagkes, opws: <itemize> <item>epe3ergastes keimevou <item>logistika fulla <item>baseis dedomevwv <item>BBS <item>3D renderers (pov) <item>Ma8nmatika (px Octave) <item>WinNT-like & Netware-like file/printer servers <item>WWW, FTP, NEWS, SENDMAIL-POP,NFS servers eivai autovonta... </itemize> Omws oi duvatotntes dev stamatouv edw. To Linux mporei va trexei efarmoges allwv leitourgikwv, kai malista me megaln a3iopistia: Uparxei evas polu kalos e3omeiwtns tou DOS, to DOSEMU (<htmlurl url="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/ALPHA/dosemu" name="tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/ALPHA/dosemu">), pou mporei va tre3ei to DOS kai tis pio polles efarmoges tou. Mporei va tre3ei kai Windows 3.1 se enhanced mode. (???) Evas e3omeiwtns iBCS2 (Intel Binary Compatibility Standard) gia SVR4 ELF kai SVR3.2 COFF ektelesima, brisketai sta teleutaia stadia avaptu3ns. (bl. <htmlurl url="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/BETA/ibcs2/README" name="tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/BETA/ibcs2/README">). To WINE (WINdows Emulator) eivai e3omeiwtns gia Windows efarmoges. Eivai freeware, alla dev exei apodwsei akoma kapoio kalo apotelesma. To WABI tns SUN kavei akribws to idio, omws ta katafervei polu kalutera. Trexei sxedov oles tis efarmoges twv Windows, avamesa tous to MS-Office, CorelDraw, Video/Audio players, klp. Stoixizei omws 199$, giati eivai emporiko proiov. Merika emporika proiovta pou uparxouv gia to Linux eivai: <itemize> <item>Netscape Navigator Gold 3.01/Communicator (0$) <item>Corel Draw (---) <item>Oracle Relational Database <item>Motif Libraries 2.0 (100$) (???) <item>c-tree Plus <item>Executor 2 <item>Mathematica 3.0 <item>Maple V Release 4 <item>Applixware Office Suite for Linux <item>AcceleratedX CDE Business Desktop </itemize> ---------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Trexei stov upologistn mou; Ti uliko (hardware) upostnrizei;<label id="Trexei stov upologistn mou; Ti uliko upostnrizei;"> <P> Xreiazetai toulaxistov 386 me 2MB RAM kai evav odngo eukamptns disketas, gia mia apln dokimn. Gia mia kavovikn egkatastasn xreiazovtai 4MB RAM, evw gia va douleyei kaveis me Xwindows 8MB. Evas sklnros diskos me xwro 10MB/300MB/600MB (minimum/typical/enough) eivai aparaitntos. Proteivetai eva sustnma Pentium me 32mb, gia aproskoptn apodosn. Oi topikoi diauloi VESA kai PCI exouv plnrn upostnri3n. MCA (Diaulos tns IBM) kai oi ESDI sklnroi diskoi tis pio polles fores upostnrizovtai. Gia perissoteres plnrofories deite: <htmlurl url="http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca" name="http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca">. To Linux se suvdiasmo me ta Xwindows, trexei stnv pleioynfia forntwv upologistwv. Deite sxetika: <htmlurl url="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kharker/linux-laptop/" name="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kharker/linux-laptop/">. Gia va deite avalutika av to uliko sas (karta grafikwv, diktuou, elegktes sklnrwv diskwv, karta nxou) upostnrizetai, koita3te to <tt>INFO-SHEET</tt> kai to <tt>Hardware-HOWTO</tt> (Bl. <ref id="Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn;">) Uparxei mia metafora tou leitourgikou stov 8086 me to ovoma: Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS). Auto eivai eva 16mpito uposuvolo tou Linux, gia va xrnsimopoin8ei se eidikes efarmoges. Fusika autn n ekdosn, pote dev 8a upostnri3ei prostateumevn mvnmn n preemptitive multitasking. Bl. <htmlurl url="http://www.linux.org.uk/Linux8086.html" name="http://www.linux.org.uk/Linux8086.html">. Nees ekdoseis tou Linux upostnrizouv kai poluepe3ergastika sustnmata (SMP). Gia perissoteres plnrofories deite to arxeio <tt>Documentation/smp.tex</tt>, stov pngaio kwdika tou purnva /usr/src/linux. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti eidous metafores (ports) gia allous epe3ergastes uparxouv;<label id="Ti eidous metafores (ports) gia allous epe3ergastes uparxouv;"> <P> Uparxei port (beta) gia tov 68000 (xrnsimopoieitai apo Amiga, Atari), me Xserver. Uparxei sxetikn lista. To FAQ, ftp kai selida gia pio polles plnrofories eivai: <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/680x0/FAQ" name="ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/680x0/FAQ"> <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.phil.uni-sb.de/pub/atari/linux-68k" name="ftp.phil.uni-sb.de/pub/atari/linux-68k"> { http://pfah.informatik.uni-kl.de:8000/pers/jmayer/linux68k-faq http://www-users.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/~hn/linux68k.html } ==================================================================== To Linux se PowerPC, apektnse prosfata diko tou kombo sto Internet: <htmlurl url="http://www.linuxppc.org" name="http://www.linuxppc.org"> Otidnpote afora tov PowerPC 8a to breite sto ftp site: <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.linuxppc.org/linuxppc" name="ftp.linuxppc.org/linuxppc">. H Apple kai to OSF suvergazovtai gia tnv metafora tou Linux, basizomevoi sto OSF kai Mach microkernel. Bl. <htmlurl url="http://www.mklinux.apple.com" name="http://www.mklinux.apple.com">. O polla uposxomevos Alpha (64-bit DEC Alpha/AXP) exei ndn to Linux: <htmlurl url="http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/" name="http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/">. Uparxei kai lista sto vger.rutgers.edu. O Ralf Baechle ergazetai gia metafora se MIPS (R4600 se Deskstation Tyne). To FAQ eivai sto <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.fnet.fr/linux-mips" name="ftp.fnet.fr/linux-mips"> kai <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.linux.sgi.com/pub/mips-linux" name="ftp://ftp.linux.sgi.com/pub/mips-linux">. Oi evdiaferomevoi mporouv va epikoivwvnsouv sto <<htmlurl url="mailto:linux@waldorf-gmbh.de" name="linux@waldorf-gmbh.de">>. { There is also a MIPS channel on the Linux Activists mailserver and a linux-mips mailing list. (See ``<ref id="What mailing lists are there?">'') } H oikogeveia twv ARM (Acorn A5000, Acorn Risc PC) exei duo projects autnv tnv stigmn se e3eli3n, eva gia ARM3 (Acorn A5000, me upostnri3n odngwv gia 82710/11) kai eva gia ARM610 (gia Acorn Risc PC). Osoi mporouv va suveisferouv as epikoivwvnsouv me tov Martin Ebourne <<htmlurl url="mailto:mje@soton.ac.uk" name="mje@soton.ac.uk">>. Uparxei sav omada suzntnsewv to <htmlurl url="news://comp.sys.acorn.misc" name="comp.sys.acorn.misc">, FAQ: <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pub/armlinux/FAQs/general-faq" name="ftp.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pub/armlinux/FAQs/general-faq"> kai homepage: <htmlurl url="http://whirligig.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~rmk92/armlinux.html" name="http://whirligig.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~rmk92/armlinux.html">. O David Miller asxoleitai me metafora se Sparc. Osoi evdiaferovtai kai mporouv va bon8nsouv, as epikoivwvnsouv me to <<htmlurl url="mailto:davem@caip.rutgers.edu" name="davem@caip.rutgers.edu">>. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Poso xwro 8elei stov sklnro mou disko;<label id="Poso xwro 8elei stov sklnro mou disko;"> <P> 10Mb eivai to katw fragma gia mia egkatastasn, n opoia dev perilambavei efarmoges. Se 80Mb mporei va xwresei isa-isa mia egkatastasn me Xwindows. Se 250Mb eivai mia kaln epilogn prwtn fora. Perilambavei tupikes efarmoges. 500Mb eivai aparaitnta gia eva kavoviko sustnma me 1 xrnstn. Eav uparxouv apo tnv prwtn stigmn, mnv lupn8eite va ta dia8esete. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Exei to Linux pveumatika dikaiwmata (Copyright); Epitrepetai n avtigrafn;<label id="Exei to Linux pveumatika dikaiwmata (Copyright); Epitrepetai n avtigrafn;"> <P> Ta pveumatika dikaiwmata (copyright) gia tov purnva tou Linux, avnkouv stov Linus Torvalds, pou ka8orise oti eivai upo to GPL. Auto me apla logia snmaivei oti eivai eleu8ern n avtigrafn, metatropn n diavomn tou kwdika, alla dev eivai duvatn n pros8nkn allwv periorismwv diavomns, kai eivai upoxrewtikn n paroxn tou veou pngaiou kwdika. To Linux DEN EINAI public domain, EINAI GPLed. Bl. sxetika to Copyright FAQ, <htmlurl url="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright" name="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright">, for details. Epakribeis leptomereies uparxouv sto arxeio <tt>COPYING</tt> sta Linux kernel sources (/usr/src/linux). H adeia xrnsns gia ta programmata pou uparxouv stis egkatastaseis me Linux, mporei va eivai diaforetikn. O perissoteros kwdikas omws, eivai upo to GNU Project tns Free Software Foundation, kai eivai episns me adeia GPL. { Note that discussion about the merits or otherwise of the GPL should be posted to <tt>gnu.misc.discuss</tt> and not to the <tt>comp.os.linux</tt> groups. } ===================================================================== <sect>Pnges kai poroi evnmerwsns sto diktuo (kai mn).<label id="Pnges kai poroi evnmerwsns sto diktuo (kai mn)."> <P> <sect1>Ti keimeva uparxouv gia evnmerwsn;<label id="Ti keimeva uparxouv gia evnmerwsn;"> <P> Ta kuriotera eidn eivai: <descrip> <tag>MANual pages</tag> Ta suvn8ismeva online egxeiridia (manual) evos Unix. Sto Linux eivai arketa plnrn kai exouv polla 8emata. Des man man. (To man eivai sav help). <tag>INFO</tag> Oi INFO selides diabazovtai me eidiko tropo. Dev eivai polu euxrnstes. { ???Verify } <tag>FAQ</tag> Frequently Asked Questions. Ta FAQ eivai sullogn apo suvn8ismeves erwtnseis gurw apo eva 8ema. Suvn8ws uparxouv sto /usr/doc/faq. <tag>HOWTO</tag>Ta HOWTO eivai keimeva pou perigrafouv tnv diadikasia gia va ftiaxtei kati. Eivai kati sav egxeiridia xrnsns tou Linux. /usr/doc/faq/howto <tag>MINI-HOWTO</tag> To idio me priv, movo pou ta keimeva eivai pio mikra. <tag>LDP</tag> Linux Documentation Project:Perilambavei sxedov ola ta parapavw. Eivai mia prospa8eia va sugkevtrw8ei oln n tekmnriwsn mazi. Deite sto <htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP" name="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP"> </descrip> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn;<label id="Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn;"> <P> Oi parakatw komboi exouv ola ta HOWTO: <itemize> <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/OS/Linux/doc/HOWTO" name="ftp.funet.fi (128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux/doc/HOWTO"> <item><htmlurl url="ftp://tsx-ll.mit.edu/pub/linux/docs/HOWTO" name="tsx-11.mit.edu (18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux/docs/HOWTO"> <item><htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO" name="sunsite.unc.edu (152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO"> </itemize> Gia plnrn lista kombwv, deite {``<ref id="Where can I get Linux material by FTP?">''} Eav dev exete prosbasn se ftp, mporeite va xrnsimopoinsete tous <<htmlurl url="mailto:ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com" name="ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com">>, <<htmlurl url="mailto:ftpmail@doc.ic.ac.uk" name="ftpmail@doc.ic.ac.uk">> <<htmlurl url="mailto:ftp-mailer@informatik.tu-meunchen.de" name="ftp-mailer@informatik.tu-muenchen.de.">>. To arxeio auto exei mia lista me ola ta uparxovta HOWTO: <htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html" name="http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html">. Auta eivai merika: <verb> AX25-HOWTO Access-HOWTO Assembly-HOWTO Benchmarking-HOWTO BootPrompt-HOWTO Bootdisk-HOWTO CD-Writing-HOWTO CDROM-HOWTO Chinese-HOWTO Commercial-HOWTO Consultants-HOWTO Cyrillic-HOWTO DNS-HOWTO DOS-to-Linux-HOWTO DOSEMU-HOWTO Danish-HOWTO Distribution-HOWTO ELF-HOWTO Emacspeak-HOWTO Ethernet-HOWTO Finnish-HOWTO Firewall-HOWTO Ftape-HOWTO GCC-HOWTO German-HOWTO HAM-HOWTO HOWTO-INDEX Hardware-HOWTO Hebrew-HOWTO IPX-HOWTO ISP-Hookup-HOWTO Installation-HOWTO Intranet-Server-HOWTO Italian-HOWTO Java-CGI-HOWTO Kernel-HOWTO Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO MGR-HOWTO MILO-HOWTO Mail-HOWTO NET-3-HOWTO NFS-HOWTO NIS-HOWTO News-HOWTO Optical-Disk-HOWTO PCI-HOWTO PCMCIA-HOWTO PPP-HOWTO Pilot-HOWTO Polish-HOWTO Printing-HOWTO Printing-Usage-HOWTO RPM-HOWTO Reading-List-HOWTO SCSI-HOWTO SCSI-Programming-HOWTO SMB-HOWTO Serial-HOWTO Serial-Programming-HOWTO Shadow-Password-HOWTO Slovenian-HOWTO Sound-HOWTO Sound-Playing-HOWTO Spanish-HOWTO TeTeX-HOWTO Thai-HOWTO Tips-HOWTO UMSDOS-HOWTO UPS-HOWTO UUCP-HOWTO User-Group-HOWTO VAR-HOWTO VMS-to-Linux-HOWTO XFree86-HOWTO XFree86-Video-Timings-HOWTO 3-Button-Mouse </verb> Ta akolou8a Mini-HOWTO, kaluptouv pio eidika 8emata kai uparxouv sto <htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/mini" name="http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/mini">: <verb> ADSM-Backup AI-Alife Advocacy Backup-With-MSDOS Battery-Powered Boca BogoMips Bridge Bridge+Firewall Clock Colour-ls Comeau-C++ DHCPd Dial-On-Demand Diald Dip+SLiRP+CSLIP Diskless Dynamic-IP-Hacks Ext2fs-Undeletion GTEK-BBS-550 HTML-Validation IO-Port-Programming IP-Alias IP-Masquerade IP-Subnetworking JE Jaz-Drive Kerneld Key-Setup LBX LILO Large-Disk Linux+DOS+Win95 Linux+DOS+Win95+OS2 Linux+NT-Loader Linux+OS2+DOS Linux+Win95 Loadlin+Win95 Locales MIDI+SB Mail-Queue Mail2News Man-Page Multiple-Disks-Layout Multiple-Ethernet NFS-Root NFS-Root-Client Netscape+Proxy Offline-Mailing Online-Support PLIP PPP-over-minicom Pager Partition Print2Win Process-Accounting Proxy-ARP Public-Web-Browser Qmail+MH Quota RCS Remote-Boot Remote-X-Apps SLIP+proxyARP SLIP-PPP-Emulator Sendmail+UUCP Software-Building Software-RAID Soundblaster-16 Soundblaster-AWE64 StarOffice Swap-Space Term-Firewall Tiny-News Token-Ring Upgrade VPN Virtual-wu-ftpd Visual-Bell Win95+Win+Linux Windows-Modem-Sharing WordPerfect X-Big-Cursor XFree86-XInside Xterm-Title Xterminal ZIP-Drive ZIP-Install </verb> Epipros8eta, metafraseis twv HOWTO uparxouv sto <htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations" name="sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations">. Oi metafraseis uparxouv autn tnv stigmn stis e3ns glwsses: <verb> Gallika (fr) Germavika(de) Italika (it) Iapwvika (jp) Polwvika (pl) Ispavika (es) Soundika (sv) Tourkika (tr) </verb> Ta HOWTO's episns uparxouv sto Web, stnv selida tou Linux Documentation Project <htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc./edu/LDP" name="http://sunsite.unc./edu/LDP">, kai stelvovtai mnviaia sto Usenet newsgroup <tt>comp.os.linux.answers</tt>. Ta pio polla apo auta ta keimeva eivai upo suvexn e3eli3n. Parakalw, elate se epafn me tov Greg Hankins, <<htmlurl url="mailto:gregh@cc.gatech.edu" name="gregh@cc.gatech.edu">>, suvtovistn twv HOWTO, eav evdiafereste va grayete kapoio. To arxeio <htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX" name="sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX"> periexei odngies gia to grayimo evos HOWTO. H Seira Egxeridiwv (Guide Series) pou paragetai apo to Linux Documentation Project eivai dia8esimn apo to <htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP" name="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP">. Parakaloume diabaste ta eav eiste arxarios sto Unix kai sto Linux. Edw eivai mia lista twv dia8esimwv: <itemize> <item><htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/LDP-Manifesto" name="The Linux Documentation Project Manifesto">, apo tov Matt Welsh. <item><htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/gs/gs.html" name="Installation and Getting Started Guide">, apo tov Matt Welsh. <item><htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/linux-doc-project/linux-kernel" name="The Linux Kernel">, apo tov David Rusling. <item><htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/nag/nag.html" name="The Network Administrator's Guide">, apo tov Olaf Kirch. <item><htmlurl url="http://linuxwww.db.erau.edu/LPG/" name="The Linux Programmer's Guide">, apo tov Sven Goldt, Sven van der Meer, Scott Burkett, kai Matt Welsh. <item><htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/LDP/sag-0.5" name="The Linux System Administrator's Guide, Version 0.5">, apo tov Lars Wirzenius. </itemize> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pou 8a preprei va ya3w sto World Wide Web gia 8emata tou Linux;<label id="Pou 8a preprei va ya3w sto World Wide Web gia 8emata tou Linux;"> <P> O Greg Hankins, <htmlurl url="mailto:gregh@cc.gatech.edu" name="gregh@cc.gatech.edu">, suvtnrei tnv selida tou Linux Documentation Project, sto <htmlurl url="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP" name="http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP">. Autn n selida eivai avaferetai se ola ta FAQ kai HOWTO, kai se auta pou eivai se HTML (WWW) format, kai se auta pou dev eivai. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti newsgroups uparxouv gia to Linux;<label id="Ti newsgroups uparxouv gia to Linux;"> <P> Uparxouv deka die8vn Usenet newsgroups (omades suzntnsewv) afierwmeva sto Linux. Ta newsgroups eivai polu xrnsima, giati opoiodnpote problnma prokuptei, mporei kaveis va rwtnsei ekei, gia va brei tnv apavtnsn. <tt>comp.os.linux.announce</tt> eivai eva epopteuomevo (moderated) kavali avakoivwsewv, pou 8a prepei va parakalou8eite eav skopeuete va xrnsimopoinsete to Linux. Muvnmata gia auto to kavali 8a prepei va stelvovtai sto <<htmlurl url="mailto:linux-announce@news.ornl.gov" name="linux-announce@news.ornl.gov">>. <tt>comp.os.linux.answers</tt> perriexei ola ta FAQs, HOWTOs kai alles snmavtikes plnrofories. 8a prepei va grafteite kai edw. A3izei va diabasete kai ta alla groups stnv ierarxia <tt>comp.os.linux.*</tt> -- mporei va breite polla koiva problnmata pou eivai polu prosfata gia va ta breite se auto to FAQ, alla ekei apavtwvtai.Auta ta newsgroups eivai: <verb> comp.os.linux.setup comp.os.linux.hardware comp.os.linux.networking comp.os.linux.x comp.os.linux.development.apps comp.os.linux.development.system comp.os.linux.advocacy comp.os.linux.misc </verb> Exete up' oyiv sas episns, oti ka8ws to Linux eivai Unix klwvos, sxedov olo to uliko sta <tt>comp.unix.*</tt> kai <tt>comp.windows.x.*</tt> groups 8a eivai sxetiko. Ektos apo 8emata hardware, kai kapoia {obscure} n polu texvika low-level snmeia, 8a avakaluyete oti auta ta kavalia eivai to swsto meros va 3ekivnsete. Please read ``<ref id="You still haven't answered my question!">'' before posting, and make sure you post to the right newsgroup -- see `Welcome to the <tt>comp.os.linux.*</tt> hierarchy' which is posted every two weeks to <tt>comp.os.linux.announce</tt>, <tt>comp.os.linux.answers</tt>, and other groups. H pollapln apostoln (Crossposting) meta3u twv kavaliwv <tt>comp.os.linux.*</tt>, spavia eivai kaln idea. Mporei va uparxouv Linux groups, topika, stnv perioxn sou. -- eleg3e prwta auta. S.T.M. Kai ovtws uparxouv: <htmlurl url="news://edessa.topo.auth.gr" name="news://edessa.topo.auth.gr"> Ta <tt>comp.os.linux.development</tt>, <tt>comp.os.linux.admin</tt>, kai <tt>comp.os.linux.help</tt>, eivai upo aposursn... 8a prepei va mnv xrnsimopoiouvtai. See also ``<ref id="I don't have Usenet access. Where do I get information?">'' Other regional and local newsgroups also exist -- you may find the traffic more manageable there. The French Linux newsgroup is <tt>fr.comp.os.linux</tt>. The German one is <tt>de.comp.os.linux</tt>. In Australia, try <tt>aus.computers.linux</tt>. In Croatia there is the moderated group <tt>hr.comp.linux.m</tt>. In Italy, <tt>it.comp.linux</tt>. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws 8a egkatastnsw to Linux<label id="How do I install Linux?"> <P> Uparxouv diafores proepilegmeves diavomes tou Linux, perilambavwvtas kuriws tnv Debian, Red Hat kai Slackware. Ka8e mia periexei olo to logismiko pou xreiazetai gia va tre3ei kaveis to Linux, etoimo pros egkatastasn kai xrnsn. Oi akribeis leptomereies tou ti logismiko perilambavetai kai pws va to egkatastnsei kaveis, diaferouv apo ekdosn se ekdosn. 8a prepei va diabasete to <tt>Installation-HOWTO</tt> gia perissoteres leptomereies sxetika me tnv egkatastasn tou Slackware. Oi diavomes Red Hat kai Debian exouv pio eukoln egkatastasn, alla exouv mikrotero ari8mo etoimwv gia egkatastasn efarmogwv. Oles autes oi diavomes eivai dia8esimes me anonymous FTP, apo diaforous kombous. Blepe <ref id="Where can I get Linux material by FTP?"> Uparxei akomn evas megalos ari8mos apo alles diavomes pou eivai ligotero diadedomeves, pou diapragmateuovtai eidikotera problnmata ( gia paradeigma kalutern upostnri3n glwssas ) --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pou 8a brw uliko tou Linux me FTP;<label id="Where can I get Linux material by FTP?"> <P> Autoi edw eivai oi treis kurioi komboi gia to Linux: <itemize> <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/OS/Linux" name="ftp.funet.fi (Finland, 128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux"> <item><htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux" name="sunsite.unc.edu (US, 152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux"> <item><htmlurl url="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux" name="tsx-11.mit.edu (US, 18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux"> </itemize> To kalutero meros gia va parei kaveis tov purnva tou Linux eivai: <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.cs.helsinki.fi/pub/Linux_Kernel" name="ftp.cs.helsinki.fi/pub/Linux_Kernel">. O Linus Torvalds stelvei tis pio teleutaies ekdoseis tou purnva ekei. {www.kernel.org} H diavomn Debian uparxei edw: <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian" name="ftp.debian.org/pub/debian">, kai n Red Hat sto <htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.redhat.com" name="ftp.redhat.com">. Ta periexomeva autwv twv kombwv ka8reptizovtai (mirror, avtigrafovtai peripou nmernsia) apo eva ari8mo allwv kombwv. Parakaloume va xrnsimopoinsete kapoio pou brisketai kovta se esas wste va eivai pio grngoro kai eukolo, alla kai mnv spatalate askopa tous porous tou diktuou. <itemize> <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.sun.ac.za/pub/linux/sunsite/"> (South Africa) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.is.co.za/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.is.co.za/linux/sunsite/"> (South Africa) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/" name="ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/"> (Hong Kong) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.ust.hk/pub/Linux/" name="ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/"> (Hong Kong) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.spin.ad.jp/pub/linux/sunsite.unc.edu/" name="ftp.spin.ad.jp/pub/linux/sunsite.unc.edu/"> (Japan) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/Linux/" name="ftp.nuri.net/pub/Linux/"> (Korea) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.jaring.my/pub/Linux/" name="ftp.jaring.my/pub/Linux/"> (Malaysia) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.nus.sg/pub/unix/Linux/" name="ftp.nus.sg/pub/unix/Linux/"> (Singapore) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/linux/" name="ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/linux/"> (Thailand) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.dstc.edu.au/pub/linux/" name="ftp.dstc.edu.au/pub/linux/"> (Australia) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.anu.edu.au/pub/linux/" name="sunsite.anu.edu.au/pub/linux/"> (Australia) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/" name="ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/"> (Australia) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au/pub/linux/" name="ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au/pub/linux/"> (Australia) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.univie.ac.at/systems/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.univie.ac.at/systems/linux/sunsite/"> (Austria) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/UNIX/linux/" name="ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/UNIX/linux/"> (Czech Republic) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/sunsite/"> (Finland) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.univ-angers.fr/pub/Linux/" name="ftp.univ-angers.fr/pub/Linux/"> (France) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr" name="ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr"> (France) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/"> (France) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.loria.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.loria.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/"> (France) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de/pub/linux/sunsite/"> <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.germany.eu.net/pub/os/Linux/Mirror.SunSITE/" name="ftp.germany.eu.net/pub/os/Linux/Mirror.SunSITE/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.tu-dresden.de/pub/Linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.tu-dresden.de/pub/Linux/sunsite/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/MIRROR.sunsite/" name="ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/MIRROR.sunsite/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/mirrors/sunsite/" name="ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/mirrors/sunsite/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/" name="ftp.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.ba-mannheim.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/" name="ftp.ba-mannheim.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/" name="ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.uni-rostock.de/Linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.uni-rostock.de/Linux/sunsite/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/unix/systems/linux/MIRROR.sunsite/" name="tp.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/unix/systems/linux/MIRROR.sunsite/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.uni-tuebingen.de/pub/linux/Mirror.sunsite/" name="ftp.uni-tuebingen.de/pub/linux/Mirror.sunsite/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.rz.uni-ulm.de/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.rz.uni-ulm.de/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/"> (Germany) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/linux/" name="ftp.kfki.hu/pub/linux/"> (Hungary) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://linux.italnet.it/pub/Linux/" name="linux.italnet.it/pub/Linux/"> (Italy) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.unina.it/pub/linux/sunsite/"> (Italy) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://giotto.unipd.it/pub/unix/Linux/" name="giotto.unipd.it/pub/unix/Linux/"> (Italy) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://cnuce-arch.cnr.it/pub/Linux/" name="cnuce-arch.cnr.it/pub/Linux/"> (Italy) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/mirror2/sunsite.unc.edu/" name="ftp.flashnet.it/mirror2/sunsite.unc.edu/"> (Italy) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.nijenrode.nl/pub/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/" name="ftp.nijenrode.nl/pub/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/"> (Netherlands) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.LeidenUniv.nl/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.LeidenUniv.nl/pub/linux/sunsite/"> (Netherlands) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.nvg.unit.no/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.nvg.unit.no/pub/linux/sunsite/"> (Norway) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc.edu/" name="ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc.edu/"> (Poland) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.rediris.es/software/os/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.rediris.es/software/os/linux/sunsite/"> (Spain) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.rediris.es/software/linux/" name="sunsite.rediris.es/software/linux/"> (Spain) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.cs.us.es/pub/Linux/sunsite-mirror/" name="ftp.cs.us.es/pub/Linux/sunsite-mirror/"> (Spain) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/mirror/linux/" name="ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/mirror/linux/"> (Spain) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.etsimo.uniovi.es/pub/linux/" name="ftp.etsimo.uniovi.es/pub/linux/"> (Spain) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.luna.gui.es/pub/linux.new/" name="ftp.luna.gui.es/pub/linux.new/"> (Spain) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.switch.ch/mirror/linux/" name="ftp.switch.ch/mirror/linux/"> (Switzerland) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.metu.edu.tr/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.metu.edu.tr/pub/linux/sunsite/"> (Turkey) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/sunsite/pub/Linux/" name="unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/sunsite/pub/Linux/"> (UK) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.maths.warwick.ac.uk/mirrors/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/" name="ftp.maths.warwick.ac.uk/mirrors/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/"> (UK) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.idiscover.co.uk/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/" name="ftp.idiscover.co.uk/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/"> (UK) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/" name="sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/"> (UK) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.dungeon.com/pub/linux/sunsite-mirror/" name="ftp.dungeon.com/pub/linux/sunsite-mirror/"> (UK) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.io.org/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.io.org/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/"> (Canada) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/linux/" name="ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/linux/"> (US) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/sunsite/"> (US) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.siriuscc.com/pub/Linux/Sunsite/" name="ftp.siriuscc.com/pub/Linux/Sunsite/"> (US) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.engr.uark.edu/pub/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.engr.uark.edu/pub/linux/sunsite/"> (US) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.infomagic.com/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/" name="ftp.infomagic.com/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/"> (US) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://linux.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/" name="linux.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/"> (Brazil) <item><htmlurl url="ftp://farofa.ime.usp.br/pub/linux/" name="farofa.ime.usp.br/pub/linux/"> (Brazil) </itemize> Merikoi komboi mporei va mnv exouv to plnres periexomevo apo tous arxikous kombous, evw alloi mporei va exouv epipros8eto uliko. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Dev exw prosbasn se FTP. Pws va parw to Linux;<label id="I don't have FTP access. Where do I get Linux?" <P> O pio aplos tropos eivai va breite eva filo pou va exei to CDROM n prosbasn FTP. Eav uparxei Linux User Group episns kovta sas, evdexetai va mporouv va bon8nsouv. Eav exete polu kaln suvdesn email, mporeite va dokimasete FTP-by-mail servers sto <<htmlurl url="mailto:ftpmail@ftp.sunet.se" name="ftpmail@ftp.sunet.se">>, <<htmlurl url="mailto:ftpmail@garbo.uwasa.fi" name="ftpmail@garbo.uwasa.fi">> or <<htmlurl url="mailto:ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de" name="ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de">>. Episns to Linux eivai dia8esimo me paradosiako taxudromeio me disketa, se CDROM kai se kaseta (efedreias). To arxeio <htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO" name="sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO">, kai to <htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/distributions" name="sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/distributions/Distribution-HOWTO"> periexouv sxetikes plnrofories. Pleov o pio diademevos alla kai o pio apodotikos tropos va egkatastnsei kaveis to Linux, eivai va to promn8eutei se CDROM. Auto va to exete up' 'oyiv sas eav bazete to Linux gia prwtn fora. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Dev exw prosbasn stis omades suzntnsewv tou Usenet. Pws evnmerwvomai;<label id="I don't have Usenet access. Where do I get information?"> <P> Ta digest ( suvoyeis ) tou comp.os.linux.announce eivai dia8esima me nlektroviko taxudromeio stelvovtas tnv le3n subscribe sto swma tou mnvumatos sto <<htmlurl url="mailto:linux-announce-REQUEST@news-digests.mit.edu" name="mailto:linux-announce-REQUEST@news-digests.mit.edu">>. Sas sumbouleuoume va grafteite stnv lista autn, ka8ws metaferei snmavtika vea kai avakoivwseis gia to Linux. Episns va xrnsimopoieite tnv dieu8uvsn -request gia tnv eggrafn/apeggrafn apo tnv lista. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti listes uparxouv;<label id="What mailing lists are there?"> <P> Autoi pou avaptussouv to Linux twra xrnsimopoiouv tov e3upnretn Majordomo sto: <<htmlurl url="mailto:majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu" name="majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu">>. Steilte mnvumame tn le3n lists sto swma tou mnvumatos gia va parete mia lista me tis listes ekei. Balete kai mia grammn me tnv la3n help, gia va parete tis odngies xrnsns tou Majordomo, gia eggrafn/apeggrafn kai alla. Snmeiwste oti oi perissoteres apo autes tis listes xrnsimopoiouvtai apo autous pou avaptussouv to Linux, gia va suzntouv gia txevika 8emata kai mellovtikes epektaseis. Dev proorizovtai gia erwtnseis vewv xrnstwv. Uparxei mia lista pou "kamia erwtnsn dev eivai polu xazn". Dustuxws autn n lista dev diabazetai apo empeirous xrnstes kai n kivnsn eivai xamnln. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Arxeio8etouvtai oi omades suzntnsewv tou Usenet;<label id="Are the newsgroups archived anywhere?"> <P> To sunsite.unc.edu periexei arxeio8etnmeva ta mnvumata tou comp.os.linux.announce, sto /pub/Linux/docs/linux-announce.archive. Auta ka8reptizovtai apo to /usenet sto src.doc.ic.ac.uk. Uparxei eva eukolo stn xrnsn arxeio twv mnvumatwv tou comp.os.linux.announce sto World Wide Web sto http://www.leo.org/archiv/linux/archiv/ann_index.html. Upostnrizei ya3imo kai emfavisn. Oi upoloipes omades suzntnsewv dev eivai gvwsto va exouv arxeio8etnmeva ta periexomeva tous. ===================================================================== <sect>Sumbatotnta me alla leitourgika<label id="Sumbatotnta me alla leitourgika"> <P> <sect1>Mporei to Linux va moirastei tov disko me DOS; OS/2; 386BSD; Win95; WinNT; Solaris;<label id="Mporei to Linux va moirastei tov disko me DOS; OS/2; 386BSD; Win95; WinNT; Solaris;"> <P> NAI. To Linux xrnsimopoiei to tupopoinmevo sxnma gia partitions twv PC, etsi mporei va moirastei tov disko me alla leitourgika sustnmata. Snmeiwste par' ola auta, oti ta alla leitourgika sustnmata, merikes fores dnmiourgouv problnmata, logw bugs. Eidika to FDISK kai to FORMAT tou DOS mporei merikes fores va pavwgrayouv dedomeva tou Linux, giati merikes fores xrnsimopoiouv dedomeva apo tov tomea ekkivnsns tns katatmnsns (partition boot sector), avti tou pivaka katatmnsewv (partition table), pou brisketai stov tomea ekkivnsns diskou (Master Boot Record, MBR). Gia to logo auto, eivai asfales otav dnmiourgeite partition apo to Linux, va mndevizete tnv arxn tns veas katatmisns, priv to morfoponsete apo to MSDOS n opoudnpote allou. Autn evtoln kavei akribws auto: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdXY bs=512 count=1 opou XU eivai to sxetiko partition, px hda1=1os diskos, 1n katatmnsn. To Linux, mporei va diabasei kai va grayei arxeia se sustnma arxeiwv (filesystem) toso tou DOS (FAT), oso OS/2 (HPFS). Upostnrizei episns filesystems pou xrnsimopoiouvtai apo ta Windows opws: VFAT (megala ovomata), FAT32 (to veo protupo tns M$), alla kai NTFS (twv NT). Alla leitourgika mporouv va diabasouv arxeia apo to Linux (px OS/2). Gia perissoteres plnrofories deite: http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/fs { See Q1.2 `What software does it support?' for details and status of the emulators for DOS, MS Windows and System V programs. See also Q3.5 `Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?'. } --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws prospelauvw ta arxeia mou se mia katatmnsn tou DOS;<label id="Pws prospelauvw ta arxeia mou se mia katatmnsn tou DOS;"> <P> To DOS (FAT) upostnrizetai apo to Linux, mesw tou MSDOS filesystem driver. Grayte apla: (Upoti8etai oti to DOS eivai sto trito partition tou prwtou diskou) <verb> mkdir /dos mount -t msdos -o conv=text,umask=022,uid=100,gid=100 /dev/hda3 /dos </verb> n avtistoixa: <verb> mkdir /floppyA mount -t msdos -o /dev/fd0 /floppyA ls -als /floppyA umount /dev/fd0 </verb> <bf>MHN 3EXNATE NA KANETE UMOUNT, OTAN BGAZETE THN DISKETA</bf> Oi proairetikes parametroi conv=text/binary/auto, umask=nnn, uid=nnn and gid=nnn bon8ouv wste va givetai automata n metatropn arxeiwv keimevou apo DOS morfn ( CR/LF -> LF ) kai gia apodosn tautotntas xrnstn kai omadas kai permissions sta arxeia tou DOS, otav faivovtai katw apo Linux. To mount mporei va givei pio eukolo eav uparxouv ndn oi swstes parametroi sto arxeio /etc/fstab. Gia perissotera ekteleste man 8 mount, man fstab. To paketo mtools mporei va xrnsimeusei episns gia grngorn prosbasn: kavei kaveis px "mdir a:" kai diabazei tnv prwtn disketa, klp. Eva kernel patch (gvwsto ws fd-patches) pou uparxei epitrepei tnv avagvwsn disketwv me asuvn8istn orgavwsn tracks kai/n sectors <sect1>Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw to sumpiesmevo mou DOS drive;<label id="Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw to sumpiesmevo mou DOS drive;"> <P> Me duskolia. Av kai mesa apo tov DOS emulator (Q1.2 `What software does it support?') givetai gia Stacked kai DBLSPC, eivai polu pio duskolo va givei mesa apo filesystem driver. Uparxei eva paketo pou upostnrizei read-only prospelasn gia doublespaced volumes: Bl. sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Filesystems, gia to "ths". <sect1>Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw to partition tou OS/2 (HPFS);<label id="Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw to partition tou OS/2 (HPFS);"> <P> Nai, alla movo avagvwsn eivai duvatn akoma. Gia va to xrnsimopoinseis, prepei va kaveis compile tov kernel (purnva) sou, afou evergopoinseis tnv avtistoixn epilogn. Gia perissoteres plnrofories, des {(Q7.6)}. Meta arkei va to prosartnseis sto root filesystem: <verb> mkdir /hpfs mount -t hpfs /dev/hda5 /hpfs </verb> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>***Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems? <label id="Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?"> <P> I'm told that there is a primitive, alpha test read-only Amiga filesystem on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/patches/amigaffs.tar.Z. More information is in affs-readme in the tarfile. Recent kernels contain support for the UFS filesystem used by System V, Coherent and Xenix. There is alpha kernel support, readonly for the moment, for the 4.2BSD UFS, on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/ALPHA/ufs. There is a set of user-level programs that provides read-only access to the Macintosh hierarchical filing system (HFS). It is available on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/hfs0_36.tgz. This is being turned into a kernel module, which is available on sunsite. A suite of programs called Samba provide support for Windows for Workgroups networked filesystems (provided it's configured to use TCP/IP). Information is available at http://lake.canberra.edu.au/samba/samba.html. There is alpha kernel support for mounting such filesystems, on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/ALPHA/smbfs. There is no support for the rest of those yet; I have not heard of any recent work on providing some. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Mporw va tre3w efarmoges twv Windows katw apo Linux;<label id="Mporw va tre3w efarmoges twv Windows katw apo Linux;"> <P> Uparxei mia prospa8eia, pou omws dev exei apodwsei akoma karpous, to WINE Kapoies (aples) farmoges trexouv, omws oxi oi pio polles. Gia perissoteres plnrofories deite comp.emulators.ms-windows.wine Episns, n Sun, pou edw kai kairo eixe bgalei to WABI gia alla Unices, prosfata to dia8etei kai gia to Linux mesw tns Caldera. To WABI eivai evas polu kalos kai a3iologos e3omeiwtns, pou trexei oles tis gvwstes souites grafeiou, sxediastika klp. Epeidn to WINE dev douleuei kala, kai to WABI dev eivai dwreav, n kalutern lusn eivai va exete kai ta Windows kai to Linux kai va allazete avaloga me tnv periptwsn, kavwvtas reboot. Auto mporei va givei mesw tou LILO (LInux LOader), pou upostnrizei BOOT MENU. {***} --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va ekkivw to Linux apo tov Boot Manager tou OS/2;<label id="Pws mporw va ekkivw to Linux apo tov Boot Manager tou OS/2;"> <P> To OS/2 apatei eidikn diadikasia gia va suvergastei. <enum> <item>Me to fdisk tou OS/2 (kai movo me auto) dnmiourgeiste mia katatmnsn gia to Linux. Eav xreiazete, ftia3te kai to swap partition. <item>Formarete tnv katatmnsn me HPFS n FAT. (Auto dev xreiazetai katw apo OS/2 WARP) <item>Pros8este to stov Boot Manager. <item>Me tnv evtoln mkfs -t ext2 n mke2fs formarete to veo partition me ext2 domn, pou eivai katallnln gia to Linux. Episns me to fdisk tou Linux dwste tov swsto tupo sto ka8e partition (kavovika 83, n 82 gia swap). <item>Egkatestnse to Linux stn vea katatmnsn. <item>Egkatestnse to LILO stov BOOT SECTOR (Linux partition), OXI pavw sto Master Boot Record (MBR), giati alliws 8a apevergopoinseis tov Boot Manager. Auto kavei to LILO va eivai evas fortwtns B' epipedou gia to leitourgiko, pavw stnv idia tnv katatmnsn me to sustnma arxeiwv, pou ekkivei tov purnva pou orizetai sto /etc/lilo.conf me tnv evtoln <tt>boot = /dev/hda2</tt> <item>Epibebaiwste oti n katatmnsn tou Boot Manager eivai evergn (active), wste va xrnsimopoieisete tov Boot Manager gia va epile3ete ti 8a ekkivnsete. </enum> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va moirastw tov idio xwro meta3u tou Linux kai twv Windows gia swap;<label id="Pws mporw va moirastw tov idio xwro meta3u tou Linux kai twv Windows gia swap;"> <P> Des to Mini-HOWTO apo tov H. Peter Anvin, <<htmlurl url="mailto:hpa@yggdrasil.com" name="hpa@yggdrasil.com">>: <htmlurl url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/mini/Swap-Space" name="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/mini/Swap-Space"> ===================================================================== <sect>Xeirismos twv sustnmatwv arxeio8etnsns, sklnrwv diskwv kai diskettwv apo to Linux<label id="Xeirismos twv sustnmatwv arxeio8etnsns, sklnrwv diskwv kai diskettwv apo to Linux"> <P> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va kavw to Linux va douleyei sto megalou mege8ous sklnro disko mou;<label id="Pws mporw va kavw to Linux va douleyei sto megalou mege8ous sklnro disko mou;"> <P> Av o sklnros diskos sas eivai tupou IDE n EIDE 8a prepei va diabasete to arxeio /usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide (eivai meros tou pngaiou kwdika tou purnva tou Linux). Auto to arxeio periexei polles xrnsimes sumboules sxetika me tous sklnrous diksous tupou IDE. Polloi sugxrovoi elegktes IDE kavouv tn metatropn meta3u `fusikwv' kai `logikwv' kulivdrwv/kefalwv/tomewv. Stous sklnrous diskous tupou SCSI n prosbasn givetai me grammikous ari8mous evotntwv (linear block numbers). To BIOS dnmiourgei kapoious skiwdeis `logikous' kulivdrous/kefales/tomeis gia va upostnri3ei to DOS. Suvn8ws to DOS dev 8a mporei va exei prosbasn se diaireseis tou diskou (partitions) pou ekteivovtai perav twv 1024 logikwv kulivdrwv, kai stnv kalutern periptwsn n evar3n tou purnva tou Linux apo tetoies diaireseis sklnrwv diskwv me xrnsn tou LILO 8a eivai problnmatikn. Par' ol' auta mporeite va xrnsimopoieite tetoies diaireseis sklnrwv diskwv gia to Linux n alla leitourgika sustnmata pou exouv apeu8eias prosbasn stov elegktn. 8a suvistousa va dnmiourgnsete toulaxistov mia diairesn sklnrou diskou tupou Linux e3 oloklnrou katw apo to orio twv 1024 logikwv kulivdrwv kai va kavete tnv evar3n tou sustnmatos apo ekei. Se autn tnv periptwsn oi upoloipes diaireseis sklnrou diskou dev 8a exouv problnma. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va epavaferw arxeia pou exw diagrayei;<label id="Pws mporw va epavaferw arxeia pou exw diagrayei;"> <P> Gevika, auto eivai polu duskolo va givei se sustnmata Unix e3aitias tns poludiergasiakns (multitasking) fusews tous. H leitourgia epavaforas gia to ext2fs brisketai sta skaria, alla mnv perimevete va tn deite suvtoma stov upologistn sas. Uparxei evas ari8mos logismikwv paketwv pou eivai dia8esima kai ektelouv tnv ergasia autn prosferovtas vees evtoles gia diagrafn kai, merikes fores, avtigrafn oi opoies metaferouv ta pros diagrafn arxeia se evav eidiko fakelo pou eivai gvwstos ws `kados axrnstwv'. Katopiv eivai epavaktnsima mexri va diagrafouv automata apo deutereuouses epe3ergasies. Ws evallaktikn lusn, mporeite va ereuvnsete amesa tov idio to sklnro disko pavw stov opoio brisketai to sxetiko sustnma arxeio8etnsns. Auto proupo8etei polu douleia kai xreiazetai va eiste o diaxeiristns tou sustnmatos (root) gia va tnv kavete. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Uparxei avasugkrotntns (defragmenter) gia to ext2fs klp;<label id="Uparxei avasugkrotntns (defragmenter) gia to ext2fs klp;"> <P> Nai. Evas avasugkrotntns tou sustnmatos arxeio8etnsns Linux gia to ext2, to minix kai ta palaiou tupou sustnmata arxeio8etnsns ext eivai dia8esimos sto sunsite.unc.edu stov fakelo system/Filesystems ws defrag-0.6.tar.gz. Oi xrnstes tou sustnmatos arxeiwv ext2 pi8avotata dev xreiazovtai avasugkrotntn ka8ws to ext2 periexei evav epipleov kwdika gia va diatnrei tnv katatmnsn tou sklnrou diskou (fragmentation) se xamnla epipeda akomn kai se ogkwdn sustnmata arxeiwv. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws diamorfwvw kai dnmiourgw eva sustnma arxeio8etnsns se disketta;<label id="Pws diamorfwvw kai dnmiourgw eva sustnma arxeio8etnsns se disketta;"> <P> Gia mia disketta pukvns eggrafns 3,5 ivtswv: <verb> fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440 </verb> Gia mia disketta 5,25 ivtswv xrnsimopoinste fd0h1200 kai 1200 avaloga me tnv periptwsn. Gia tov odngo diskettwv `B' xrnsmopoinste fd1 avti gia fd0. Plnreis odngies sxetika me tn xrnsn twv diaforwv suskeuwv diskettwv mporouv va bre8ouv stn Lista Suskeuwv tou Linux { Q2.1 `Pou mporw va brw ta HOWTO kai peraiterw bibliografikn evnmerwsn' }. Isws xreiastei va tre3ete apeu8eias to mke2fs avti gia to mkfs -t ext2. H epilogn -m 0 leei sto mkfs.ext2 va mnv kratnsei ka8olou xwro stn disketta gia tov diaxeiristn tou sustnmatos. Suvn8ws to teleutaio 10% tns diskettas fulattetai pros xrnsn tou diaxeiristn sustnmatos (root). H prwtn evtoln kavei tn basikn diamorfwsn tns diskettas evw n deutern dnmiourgei eva adeio sustnma arxeio8etnsns pavw s' autn. Katopiv mporeite va fortwsete (mount) tn disketta sav va ntav diairesn sklnrou diskou (partition) kai apla va avtigrayete (cp) kai va metakivnsete (mv) arxeia, klp. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Lambavw perierga mnvumata sxetika me inodes, blocks, kai diafora tetoia.<label id="Lambavw perierga mnvumata sxetika me inodes, blocks, kai diafora tetoia."> <P> Mallov exete eva alloiwmevo sustnma arxeio8etnsns pou pi8avov ofeiletai sto gegovos oti to Linux dev termatise tn leitourgia tou kavovika priv va diakoyete tnv trofodosia n priv va epavaferete (reset) tov upologistn sas. Xreiazetai va xrnsimopoinsete eva sugxrovo programma termatismou leitourgias gia va dior8wsete to la8os. Gia paradeigma, to programma pou perilambavetai to logismiko paketo util-linux, to opoio eivai dia8esimo sto sunsite kai sto tsx-11. Av eiste tuxeros to programma fsck (n e2fsck n xfsck kata periptwsn av dev exete to automato empros8omeres tou fsck [automatic fsck front-end]) 8a mporesei va episkeuasei to sustnma arxeio8etnsns sas. Av eiste atuxos to sustnma arxeio8etnsns exei katastrafei kai 8a prepei va to ftia3ete apo tnv arxn me mkfs (n mke2fs, mkxfs klp) kai va to epavaferete apo kapoio avtigrafo asfaleias. Snm.: Mnv prospa8nsete va eleg3ete eva sustnma arxeio8etnsns to opoio exei fortw8ei (mount) ws avagvwsimo/eggrayimo. Auto perilambavei tn diairesn sklnrou diskou tou diaxeiristn sustnmatos (root) av kata tn diarkeia tns evar3ns tou purnva tou Linux dev deite to mnvuma: <verb> VFS: mounted root ... read-only </verb> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>H perioxn proswrivns apo8nkeusns (swap area) dev leitourgei.<label id="H perioxn proswrivns apo8nkeusns (swap area) dev leitourgei."> <P> Otav kavete evar3n (boot) tou purnva tou Linux (n otav me dikn sas evtoln epitrepete tnv proswrivn apo8nkeusn) 8a prepei va deite to mnvuma: <verb> Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space </verb> Av dev deite kaveva mnvuma pi8avotata n evtoln swapon -av (n opoia epitrepei tnv proswrivn apo8nkeusn) dev uparxei sto arxeio /etc/rc.local n /etc/rc.d/* (ta sxedia evar3ews sustnmatos) n exete 3exasei va kavete tn swstn kataxwrnsn sto arxeio /etc/fstab, px: <verb> /dev/hda2 none swap sw </verb> Av deite to mnvuma: <verb> Unable to find swap-space signature </verb> exete 3exasei va tre3ete to mkswap. Deite tis selides egxeiridiwv gia leptomereies. Leitourgei omoia me to mkfs. Eleg3te to Installation-HOWTO (Egkatastasns) gia leptomereis odngies sxetika me to pws va stnsete mia perioxn proswrivns apo8nkeusns. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws diagrafw to LILO etsi, wste to sustnma mou va 3ekiva kai pali me DOS;<label id="Pws diagrafw to LILO etsi, wste to sustnma mou va 3ekiva kai pali me DOS;"> <P> Xrnsimopoiwvtas DOS (MS-DOS 5.0 n metagevestero, n OS/2), plnktrolognste FDISK /MBR (dev uparxei stis odngies xrnsews). Autn n evtoln 8a epavaferei mia tupikn kuria kataxwrnsn evar3ns (Master Boot Record) tou MS-DOS. Av exete DR-DOS 6.0, pngaivete sto FDISK kai epile3te "Re-write Master Boot Record". Av dev exete DOS 5 n DR-DOS xreiazeste tov tomea evar3ews (boot sector) pou to LILO eswse otav to prwtoegkatastnsate. Elpizw va kratnsate ekeivo to arxeio, etsi dev eivai; Kata pasa pi8avotnta ovomazetai boot.0301 n kati tetoio. Plnktrolognste: <verb> dd if=boot.0301 of=/dev/hda bs=445 count=1 </verb> (n sda av xrnsimopoieite sklnro disko tupou SCSI). Auto mporei va sbnsei tov pivaka diairesewv (partition table) tou sklnrou sas diskou, gi' auto prosoxn! Av exete ftasei se apogvwsn, 8a prepei va xrnsimopoinsete tnv evtoln: <verb> dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 </verb> n opoia 8a diagrayei tov pivaka diairesewv opws kai tov tomea evar3ews (boot sector) tou sklnrou sas diskou. Katopiv mporeite va epavadiomorfwsete (format) to sklnro sas disko me to logismiko tns protimnsns sas. Pavtws, n evtoln autn 8a katastnsei ta periexomeva tou sklnrou sas diskou aprospelasta. 8a ta xasete gia pavta ektos av eiste eidnmwv twv nlektrovikwv upologistwv. Snmeiwste oti n kuria kataxwrnsn evar3ns (MBR) tou DOS 3ekiva apo opoiadnpote diairesn diskou exei prosnmav8ei ws `evergos' (alla movo apo mia). Mporei va xreiastei va xrnsimopoinsete to fdisk gia va 8esete kai va ka8arisete tis evergeis prosnmavseis apo tis diaireseis tou sklnrou sas diskou kata periptwsn. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Giati dev mporw va xrnsimopoinsw tnv evtoln fdformat para movo ws diaxeiristns sustnmatos (root);<label id="Giati dev mporw va xrnsimopoinsw tnv evtoln fdformat para movo ws diaxeiristns sustnmatos (root);"> <P> H evtoln diamorfwsns mias diskettas mporei va kln8ei movo apo to diaxeiristn sustnmatos (root), ave3artnta apo tis e3ousiodotnseis (permissions) tou /dev/fd0*. Av 8elete opoiosdnpote xrnstns va mporei va diamorfwvei (format) diskettes prospa8eiste va breite to programma fdformat2 to opoio 3eperva ta problnmata auta allazovtas to se setuid (chmod u+s fdformat2). --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Uparxei kati sav to Stacker n to Doublespace gia to Linux;<label id="Uparxei kati sav to Stacker n to Doublespace gia to Linux;"> <P> Snmera kaveva apo ta sustnmata arxeio8etnsns tou Linux dev mporei va kavei sumpiesn mesa sto sustnma arxeio8etnsns. Uparxei eva programma pou ovomazetai Zlibc kai to opoio epitrepei stis uparxouses efarmoges va diabazouv sumpiesmeva (GNU zipped) arxeia sav va mnv ntav sumpiesmeva. Afou to egkatastnsete mporeite va sumpiezete arxeia xrnsimopoiwvtas to gzip kai oi efarmoges sas 8a e3akolou8ouv va ta briskouv xwris va xreiazetai va alla3ete ta programmata sas. Koita3te sto sunsite.unc.edu stov fakelo /pub/Linux/libs. O dnmiourgos tou eivai o < <htmlurl url="mailto:Alain.Knaff@imag.fr" name="Alain.Knaff@imag.fr">>. Uparxei evas odngos suskeuwv sumpiesews evotntwv (compressing block device driver) pou mporei va parexei amesn sumpiesn tou sklnrou diskou mesa stov purnva ave3artntws sustnmatos arxeio8etnsns. Ovomazetai `DouBle'. O pngaios kwdikas diati8etai sto sunsite.unc.edu stov fakelo /pub/Linux/kernel/patches/diskdrives. O dnmiourgos tou eivai o Jean-Marc Verbavatz <<htmlurl url="mailto:jmv@receptor.mgh.harvard.edu" name="jmv@receptor.mgh.harvard.edu">>. Snmeiwste oti, efosov o odngos autos sumpiezei tous desmous plnroforiwv (inodes - plnrofories diaxeirnsns) kai tous fakelous opws episns kai ta periexomeva twv arxeiwv, n emfavisn opoiasdnpote alloiwsns eivai polu pi8avov va eivai sobarn. Uparxei episns eva logismiko paketo gvwsto ws tcx (Transparently Compressed Executables - Diafavws Sumpiesmeva Ektelesima Arxeia) pou sas epitrepei va tnreite ektelesima arxeia ta opoia spavia xreiazeste se sumpiesmevn morfn kai va ta aposumpiezete proswriva movo otav ta xrnsimopoieite. 8a to breite stis baseis dedomevwv tupou FTP tou Linux (Q2.5 `Pou mporw va brw uliko gia to Linux me FTP;'). Sxetikes plnrofories eixav episns avakoivw8ei sto comp.os.linux.announce. Snmeiwsn - dev eivai to idio pragma me to gzexe, to opoio eivai katwterns poiotntas efarmogn tns autns ideas. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Oi diaireseis tou sklnrou mou diskou tupou ext2fs elegxovtai ka8e fora pou epavekkivw tov upologistn mou<label id="Oi diaireseis tou sklnrou mou diskou tupou ext2fs elegxovtai ka8e fora pou epavekkivw tov upologistn mou"> <P> Blepe Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>To sustnma arxeio8etnsns tou diaxeiristn diktuou (root) eivai movo avagvwsimo!<label id="To sustnma arxeio8etnsns tou diaxeiristn diktuou (root) eivai movo avagvwsimo!"> <P> Fortwste to (mount) kai pali. Av to arxeio /etc/fstab eivai swsto mporeite apla va plnktrolognsete mount -n -o remount /. Av to arxeio /etc/fstab exei la8n prepei va dwsete to ovoma tns suskeuns kai pi8avws kai tov tupo tns: p.x. mount -n -o remount -t ext2 /dev/hda2 /. Gia va katalabete pws ftasate se autn tnv katastasn diabaste to Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Exw eva terastio arxeio /proc/kcore! Mporw va to diagrayw;<label id="Exw eva terastio arxeio /proc/kcore! Mporw va to diagrayw;"> <P> Kaveva apo ta arxeia stov fakelo /proc dev eivai stnv pragmatikotnta ekei - eivai ola `plasta' arxeia pou dnmiourgouvtai apo tov purnva (kernel) gia va sas divouv plnrofories sxetika me to sustnma evw dev katalambavouv xwro sto sklnro disko. To arxeio /proc/kcore eivai sav eva `yeudwvumo' tns mvnmns tou upologistn sas. To mege8os tou eivai to idio me to suvolo tns RAM pou exete kai, av zntnsete va to diabasete sav arxeio, o purnvas diabazei tn mvnmn. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>H AHA1542C mou dev leitourgei me to Linux.<label id="H AHA1542C mou dev leitourgei me to Linux."> <P> H epilogn pou epitrepei tn xrnsn sklnrwv diskwv me perissoterous apo 1024 kulivdrous apaiteitai movo ws tropos apofugns mias para3evias tou DOS kai 8a eprepe va apevergopoieitai otav xrnsimopoieite to Linux. Gia palaioterous purnves tou Linux xreiazetai va apevergopoieite tis perissoteres apo tis epiloges `advanced BIOS' (prongmevou BIOS) - oles ektos apo ekeivn pou afora tnv ereuva tou agwgou (bus) gia suskeues apo tis opoies mporei va givei evar3n tou sustnmatos. ===================================================================== <sect>Metafora kai metaglwttisn programmatwv<label id="Metafora kai metaglwttisn programmatwv"> <P> Please see also the Linux GCC-FAQ, available in HTML format by FTP from www.mrc-apu.cam.ac.uk in /pub/linux/GCC-FAQ.html. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va metaferw eva programma sto linux apo alla leitourgika sustnmata;<label id="Pws mporw va metaferw eva programma sto linux apo alla leitourgika sustnmata;"> <P> Gevika ta programmata se eva unix sustnma xreiazovtai liges allages gia va metafer8ouv se eva allo unix. Apla akolou8nste tis odngies egkatastasns. Eav dev 3erete pws va apavtnsete se merikes erwtnseis kata tnv diadikasia tns egkatastasns mporeite va mavteyete apla, alla autn n avtimetwpisn mporei va odngnsei se programmata me bugs. Se autnv tnv periptwsn to kalutero pou exete va kavete eivai va balete kapoiov allov va kavei to porting tou programmatos gia esas. Eav exete programmata apo to bsd prepei va dokimasete va xrnsimopoinsete sta katallnla snmeia twv grammwv tou compile tis parametrous: -I/usr/include/bsd kai -lbsd --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti eivai to ld.so kai pou mporw va to brw;<label id="Ti eivai to ld.so kai pou mporw va to brw;"> <P> To ld.so eivai o dynamic libary loader. Ka8e diadiko arxeio pou xrnsimopoiei shared libraries paliotera eixe peripou 3K kwdika stnv arxn tou, pou to bon8ouse stnv aveuresn kai to fortwma twv shared libraries. Twra autos o kwdikas exei topo8etn8ei se mia eidikn shared library, /lib/ld.so, opou kai ola ta diadika arxeia mporouv va tov brouv. Etsi ta binaries spatalouv ligotero xwro stov disko kai mporouv va avaba8mistouv eukolotera. Mporei kaveis va to katebasei apo to tsx-11.mit.edu apo to directory /pub/linux/packages/GCC kai sta mirror site tou. Tn stigmn pou grafetai auto to faq n teleutaia version tou ld.so eivai n ld.so.1.7.11.tar.gz. Evw to /lib/ld-linux.so.1 eivai to idio pragma gia ta ELF binaries kai pngaivei me to idio paketo me tov a.out loader. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Exei kaveis metaferei / kavei compile / grayei kapoio XXX programma gia to linux;<label id="Exei kaveis metaferei / kavei compile / grayei kapoio XXX programma gia to linux;"> <P> Prwta ap'ola, koita3te sto Linux Software Map (LSM) --- eivai sto directory docs sto sunsite.unc.edu, kai se alla ftp sites. Mia mnxavn avazntnsns eivai dia8esimn stov web server http://www.boutell.com/lsm. Elev3te ta ftp sites (deite to Q2.5 'Pou mporw va brw programmata gia to linux mesw ftp ;') prwta --- elev3te ta find-ls n index arxeia gia ta katallnla strings. Elev3te kai to Linux Projects Map (LPM), sto ftp.ix.de sto /pub/Linux/docs/Projects-Map.gz. Eav dev breite tipota, mporeite n va katebasete tov kwdika tou programmatos kai va tov kavete compile movoi sas -- deite to Q5.1 'Pws mporw va metaferw eva programma sto Linux ;' -- n, eav eivai megalo paketo pou mporei va xreiazetai allages stov kwdika, steilte eva mnvuma sto newsgroup : comp.os.linux.development.apps. Eav kavete compile eva megalo programma parakalw avebaste to se eva n kai perissotera ftp sites kai steilte eva mail sto comp.os.linux.announce (steilte to mnvuma sto linux-announce@news.ornl.gov). Eav yaxvete gia eva efarmogns-tupou programma tote polles pi8avotntes uparxouv va exei grayei kapoios mia dwreav ekdosn. Dokimaste va diabasete to FAQ sto comp.sources.wanted gia odngies sto pws 8a breite kwdikes programmatwv. 8a prepei episns va elev3ete to Projects-FAQ, pou brisketai sto directory /pub/Linux/docs/faqs/Projects-FAQ sto sunsite.unc.edu. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw se evav 386, kwdika n evav compiler pou exei givei compile se evav 486;<label id="Mporw va xrnsimopoinsw se evav 386, kwdika n evav compiler pou exei givei compile se evav 486;"> <P> Gevika vai, ektos eav eivai o kernel. H epilogn -m486 tou GCC, n opoia xrnsimopoieitai gia va dnmiourgn8ouv diadika arxeia gia 486 upologistes odngei stnv dnmiourgia arxeiwv ligo megaluterwv pou ektelouvtai grngorotera sta 486. Omws douleuouv kavovika kai se eva 386, me mia mikrn ptwsn tns apodosns opws eivai fusiko. Omws apo tnv ekdosn 1.3.35 o kernel xrnsimopoiei kwdika tou 486 n kai tou pentium eav eivai ru8mismevos gia evav 486 n eva pentium avtistoixa, etsi givetai axrnstos gia eva 386. To GCC mporei va ru8mistei gia evav 386 n 486. H movn diafora eivai oti eav ru8mistei gia 386 n arxikn epilogn 8a eivai to -m386 evw eav exei ru8mistei gia 486 8a eivai to -m486. Se ka8e periptwsn auto mporei va 3eperastei me tnv katallnln parametro se ka8e compile n eav allax8ei katallnla to arxeio : /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i*-linux/n.n.n/specs. Uparxei mia alpha ekdosn tou GCC n opoia gvwrizei pws 8a epitaxuvei to binary gia tov pentium, alla eivai ligo asta8ns, eidika eav dnlw8ouv parametroi gia uynln epitaxuvsn. To pentium GCC mporei va bre8ei sto tsx-11.mit.edu sto directory /pub/linux/ALPHA/pentium-gcc. Sustnvw tnv xrnsn tou kavovikou 486 GCC stn 8esn tou. Eivai protimotero va xrnsimopoieitai to -m386 sta pentium giati prokuptei kwdikas pou eivai kaluteros, n to elaxisto ligo mikroteros. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti kavei to gcc -O6;<label id="Ti kavei to gcc -O6;"> <P> Autn tn stigmn eivai to idio me to -O2 (GCC 2.5) n -O3 (GCC 2.6, 2.7) n me ka8e ari8mo megalutero apo autous kavei to idio pragma. Ta Makefiles twv kaivouriwv kernel xrnsimopoiouv to -O2, eseis prepei va kavete to idio. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pou eivai ta linux/*.h kai ta asm/*.h;<label id="Pou eivai ta linux/*.h kai ta asm/*.h;"> <P> Auta ta arxeia eivai sta directories /usr/include/linux kai /usr/include/asm. Ta directories auta prepei va eivai symbolic links stov kwdika tou kernel sto /usr/src/linux kai oxi aln8iva directories. Eav dev exete tov kwdika tou kernel katebaste tov --- deite tnv (Erwtnsn 7.6 "Pws mporw va avaba8misw / kavw compile 3ava tov kernel mou ;"). Xrnsimopoinste tnv rm gia va apomakruvete peritta arxeia, kai ln gia va dnmiourgnsete ta links : <verb> rm -rf /usr/include/linux /usr/include/asm ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/linux /usr/include/linux ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/asm /usr/include/asm </verb> Stis meres mas to /usr/src/linux/include/asm eivai eva symbolic link se eva sugkekrimevo asm-$ARCH (???) directory - eav exete evav prosfata 3esumpiesmevo kwdika tou kernel prepei va xrnsimopoinsete tnv evtoln make symlinks. 8a breite episns oti mporei va xreiastei va kavete eva make config se evav tetoio kernel, gia va dnmiourgn8ei to <linux/autoconf.h>. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Uparxouv la8n otav dokimazw va kavw compile tov kernel.<label id="Uparxouv la8n otav dokimazw va kavw compile tov kernel."> <P> Sigoureuteite oti ta /usr/include/linux kai /usr/include/asm dev eivai kavovika directories alla symbolic links sta /usr/src/linux/include/linux kai /usr/src/linux/include/asm avtistoixa. Eav xreiazetai, sbnste ta xrnsimopoiwvtas tnv rm kai meta tnv ln -s gia va dnmiourgnsete ta links opws stnv Erwtnsn 5.6 'Pou eivai ta arxeia linux/*.h kai ta asm/*.h;'. 8umn8eite oti otav xrnsimopoieite eva patch stov kernel prepei va xrnsimopoinsete tnv parametro -p0 n tnv -p1. Alliws to patch mporei va topo8etn8ei la8os. Deite tnv selida tou man gia tnv evtoln patch gia perissoteres leptomereies. Eav kavete patch gia evav kernel poio prosfato apo tov 1.1.44 prepei va breite oti uparxouv vea directories /usr/src/linux/include/asm-i386. To directory asm ekei prepei va sbnstei. H evtoln make symlinks 8a dnmiourgnsei auta sav symbolic links sta asm-i36 kai arch/i386/boot avtistoixa. O poio eukolos tropos gia va eiste sigouroi oti n diadikasia exei givei swsta eivai va mnv pate stov kernel 1.1.45 me patch apo tov 1.1.44, alla va katebasete tov linux-1.1.45.tar.gz. To mnvuma ld: unrecognised option `-qmagic' snmaivei oti prepei va parete evav kaivourio linker, apo to tsx-11.mit.edu sto /pub/linux/packages/GCC, sto arxeio binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va dnmiourgnsw mia shared library;<label id="Pws mporw va dnmiourgnsw mia shared library;"> <P> Gia ta ELF executables : <verb> gcc -fPIC -c *.c gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.1 -o libfoo.so.1.0 *.o </verb> Gia ta a.out, parte to paketo tools-n.nn.tar.gz apo to tsx-11.mit.edu, sto /pub/linux/packages/GCC/src. Erxetai mazi me odngies oi opoies 8a sas pouv ti va kavete. Prose3te oti oi koives biblio8nkes gia a.out eivai mia mallov duskoln upo8esn. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ta ektelesima mou eivai (polu) megala.<label id="Ta ektelesima mou eivai (polu) megala."> <P> Me eva metaglwttistn gia ELF (see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?') n suxvotern aitia megalwv ektelesimwv eivai n elleiyn evos katallnlou suvdesmou se .so library gia mia apo tis biblio8nkes pou xrnsimopoieite. Prepei va uparxouv suvdesmoi opws to libc.so gia ka8e biblio8nkn opws n libc.so.5.2.18. Me evav metaglwttistn gia a.out (see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?') n suxvotern aitia megalwv eketelesimwv eivai o orismos tou metaglwttistn -g. Auto paragei (ektos apo mnvumata la8ous sto arxeio e3odou) eva programma statika suvdedemevo, dnladn eva to opoio sumperilambavei eva avtigrafo tns biblio8nkes tns C avti va xrnsimopoiei eva duvamika suvdedemevo avtigrafo. Alla pragmata ta opoia a3izei tov kopo va ereuvnsete eivai ta -O kai -O2 ta opoia evergopoiouv tnv beltistopoinsn (eleg3te tis odngies tou GCC ) kai to -s (n tnv evtoln strip ) n opoia bgazei oles tis plnrofories sumbolwv apo to ektelesimo (kavovtas tov elegxo la8wv - debugging - evtelws aduvato). Mporei va 8elete va xrnsimopoinsete to -N se polu mikra ektelesima (mikrotera apo 8K me to -N), alla dev 8a eprepe va to kavete auto ektos eav katalabaivete ta 8emata apodosns, kai pote me daemons. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Upostnrizei to Linux vnmatikes (threads) n lightweight epe3ergasies;<label id="Upostnrizei to Linux vnmatikes (threads) n lightweight epe3ergasies;"> <P> Opws to poluepe3ergastiko movtelo tou Unix sumperilambavei baries epe3ergasies, to opoio eivai fusika meros tou stavtarvt purnva tou Linux, uparxouv diafores ulopoinseis elafriwv epe3ergasiwv n vnmatikwv, oi perissoteres ek twv opoiwv eivai gevika paketa gia Unix: <itemize> <item>Sto sipb.mit.edu:/pub/pthread n ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/unix/threads/pthreads. H tekmnriwsn dev sumperilambavetai sto paketo alla eivai dia8esimn sto World Wide Web stn dieu8uvsn http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/proven/home_page.html. Oi vewteres biblio8nkes Linux libcs periexouv tov kwdika pthreads source; o GNU Ada metaglwttistns sto sunsite.unc.edu stov katalogo /pub/Linux/devel/lang/ada/gnat-3.01-linux+elf.tar.gz periexei ektelesima pou ftiaxtnkav apo autov tov kwdika. <item>Sto ftp.cs.washington.edu:/pub/qt-001.tar.Z eivai to QuickThreads. Perissoteres plnrofories mporouv va bre8ouv stnv texvikn avafora, dia8esimn sto idio site ws /tr/1993/05/UW-CSE-93-05-06.PS.Z. <item>Sto gummo.doc.ic.ac.uk:/rex eivai to lwp, mia polu periorismevn ulopoinsn. <item>Sto ftp.cs.fsu.edu:/pub/PART, mia ulopoinsn Ada. Auto eivai xrnsimo, kuriws epeidn exei polla PostScript eggrafa ta opoia 8a breite xrnsima gia va ma8ete perissotera sxetika me ta vnmata. Auto dev eivai amesa xrnsimopoinsimo katw apo Linux. </itemize> Parakalw epikoivwvnste me tous dnmiourgous twv paketwv gia plnrofories. H ekdosn 1.3.35 tou purnva periexei kapoia upostnri3n gia vnmata tou purnva, alla o kwdikas dev exei elegx8ei kala. S.t.M.: Me tov oro vnmata upo8etw oti o suggrafes evvoei vnmatikn epe3ergasia. H metafrasn egive me auto sav basn. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pou mporw va brw to `lint' gia Linux;<label id="Pou mporw va brw to `lint' gia Linux;"> <P> Peripou idia leitourgikotnta sumperilambavetai sto GNU C metaglwttistn (gcc) o opoios xrnsimopoieitai apo ta sustnmata Linux. Xrnsimopoieiste tnv epilogn -Wall gia va evergopoinsete tis perissoteres apo tis xrnsimes e3tra proeidopoinseis. Eleg3te tis odngies xrnsns gia to GCC gia perissoteres plnrofories. (patnste control-h askolou8oumevo apo i sto Emacs kai epile3te tnv kataxwrisn gia to GCC). Uparxei eva eleu8era dia8esimo programma pou legetai `lclint' pou kavei peripou ta idia pragmata opws to paradosiako lint. H avakoivwsn kai o pngaios kwdikas eivai dia8esima sto larch.lcs.mit.edu in /pub/Larch/lclint sto World Wide Web koita3te sto http://larch-www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint.html. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pou mporw va brw to `kermit' gia Linux;<label id="Pou mporw va brw to `kermit' gia Linux;"> <P> To austnro copyright tou Kermit exei amvagkasei tous perissoterous diavomeis va to afairesouve apo tis tupikes Linux diavomes. O kwdikas kai merika ektelesima eivai dia8esima sto kermit.columbia.edu ws <verb> kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.i386.rpm # RedHat kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.sparc.rpm kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.alpha.rpm kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.src.rpm kermit/archives/cku192.debian.tar # Debian kermit/archives/cku192.slackware-i386.tgz # Slackware </verb> Ektelesima gia alla Linux eivai dia8esima sta <verb> kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0-alpha kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.27-sparc kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.28-mklinux-mach3.0-ppc kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-1.2.13-i386-elf kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.1.13-i386-elf </verb> Ta arxeia /kermit/bin/READ.ME kai /kermit/archive/READ.ME exouv peraiterw plnrofories. ===================================================================== <sect>Luseis se diafora koiva problnmata.<label id="Luseis se diafora koiva problnmata."> <P> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>To free divei sfalmata leitourgikou (core).<label id="To free divei sfalmata leitourgikou (core)."> <P> Sto Linux 1.3.57 kai metepeita n morfn tou /proc/meminfo exei alla3ei kata evav tropo pou n ulopoinsn tou free dev katalabaivei. Parte tnv teleutaia ekdosn, apo to sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/system/Status/ps/procps-0.99.tgz. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>To roloi mou eivai polu la8os.<label id="To roloi mou eivai polu la8os."> <P> Uparxouv duo rologia sto computer sas. To mnxaviko (CMOS) roloi douleuei pavta, akoma kai otav to computer eivai sbnsto, kai xrnsimopoieitai otav to sustnma 3ekivaei, kai apo to DOS (av to xrnsimopoieite). H suvn8ns wra sustnmatos, pou faivetai kai ru8mizetai apo tnv evtoln date, diatnreitai apo tov purnva oso to Linux trexei. Mporeite va deite tnv wra tou rologiou tou CMOS, n va 8esete kapoio roloi apo to allo, me to programma /sbin/clock deite to man 8 clock. Uparxouv diafora alla programmata ta opoia mporouv va dior8wsouv eva n kai ta duo rologia gia sustnmatikn poreia n metafora tns wras mesa sto sustnma.Merika apo auta mporei va eivai ndn egkatestnmeva sto sustnma sas. Ya3te gia ta adjtimex (dior8wvei poreia), netdate kai getdate (apla pairvei tnv wra apo to diktuo) n xntp (akribns plnrns leitourgiwv daemon gia wra diktuou). --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ta setuid scripts dev faivovtai va douleuouv.<label id="Ta setuid scripts dev faivovtai va douleuouv."> <P> Swsta. Autn n duvatotnta exei epitndes apevergopoin8ei stov purnva tou Linux epeidn ta setuid scripts eivai sxedov pavta mia trupa asfaleias. Av 8elete va ma8ete giati, diabaste to FAQ gia to comp.unix.questions. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>H eleu8ern mvnmn opws tnv avaferei to free suvexws meiwvetai.<label id="H eleu8ern mvnmn opws tnv avaferei to free suvexws meiwvetai."> <P> To voumero `free' pou divetai apo tnv evtoln free dev sumperilambavei tn mvnmn pou xrnsimopoieitai ws disk buffer cache - n opoia faivetai stn stnln `buffers'. Av 8elete va 3erete posn mvnmn eivai pragmati eleu8ern, pros8eset to poso tou `buffers' se auto tou `free' - vewteres ekdoseis tou free deixvouv mia akoma grammn me autn tnv plnroforia. To disk buffer cache teivei va au3avetai amesws meta tnv ekkivnsn tou Linux, ka8ws fortwvete preissotera programmata kai xrnsimopoieite perissotera arxeia, kai ta periexomeva mpaivouv stnv cache. Auto sta8eropoieitai meta apo eva diastnma. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Otav pros8etw mvnmn, argoporei, ews kai servetai.<label id="Otav pros8etw mvnmn, argoporei, ews kai servetai."> <P> Auto eivai eva koivo sumptwma apotuxias va xrnsimopoin8ei lav8avousa gia tnv parapavw mvnmn. To akribes problnma e3artatai apo tn mntrikn plaketa (motherboard) pou exete. Merikes fores prepei va evergopoinsete to caching sugkekrimevwv tmnmatwv sto BIOS setup. Deite sto CMOS setup kai eleg3te av uparxei epilogn va xrnsimopoin8ei lav8avousa gia tn vea mvnmn n opoia eivai apevergopoinmevn (S.t.M. n epilogn). Auto eivai pio suvn8ismevo se 486. Merikes fores n mvnmn prepei va eivai se sugkekrimeves 8ures gia va xrnsimopoin8ei lav8avousa. Merikes fores prepei va ru8misete braxukuklwtnres (jumpers) gia va evergopoinsete tn xrnsn lav8avousas. Merikes mntrikes plaketes dev xrnsimopoiouv lav8avousa gia oln tnv RAM av exete perissotern RAM ava lav8avousa apo oti perimevouv. Suvn8ws mia lav8avousa tns ta3ns twv 256K 8a lusei auto to problnma. Av exete amfibolia, eleg3te to biblio odngiwv xrnsns tns mntrikns plaketas. Av akoma dev mporeite va to ftia3ete epeidn n tekmnriwsn eivai aveparkns, isws prepei va steilete eva mnvuma sto comp.os.linux.hardware divovtas *oles* ties plnrofories - marka, ari8mos movtelou kwdikos nmeromnvias klp. etsi wste alloi xrnstes Linux va mporouv va tnv apofugouv. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Orismeva programmata (p.x. xdm) dev me afnvouv va kavw login.<label id="Orismeva programmata (p.x. xdm) dev me afnvouv va kavw login."> <P> Mallov xrnsimopoieite non-shadow-password programmata, alla xrnsimopoieite shadow passwords. Av eivai etsi, prepei va parete n va metaglwttisete mia shadow-password ekdosn twv ev logw programmatwv. To paketo shadow password brisketai sto (meta3u allwv): tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/sources/usr.bin/shadow-* Auto eivai o kwdikas. Mallov 8a breite ektelesima sto .../linux/binaries/usr.bin. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Orismeva programmata me afnvouv va kavw log in xwris password.<label id="Orismeva programmata me afnvouv va kavw log in xwris password."> <P> Mallov exete to idio problnma opws sto '' Orismeva programmata (p.x. xdm) dev me afnvouv va kavw login.'', se mia akoma ptuxn: Av xrnsimopoieite shadow passords prepei va balete eva gramma x n evav asterisko sto pedio tou password tou arxeiou /etc/passwd gia ka8e logariasmo, etsi wste av eva programma dev gvwrizei gia ta shadow passwords va mnv afnvei tov ka8eva va kavei login vomizovtas oti eivai evas logiariasmos xwris password. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>To mnxavnma mou paei polu arga otav trexw to GCC / ta X / ...<label id="To mnxavnma mou paei polu arga otav trexw to GCC / ta X / ..."> <P> Mallov dev exete xwro avtallagns dedomevwv (swap) evergopoinmevo. Prepei va evergopoinsete tnv avtallagn dedomevwv gia va epitreyete sto Linux va topo8etnsei kommatia dedomevwv - programmatwv pou dev xrnsimopoiei autn tn stigmn sto disko, gia va exei pio polu xwro gia alla programmata kai dedomeva. Av dev to kavete, to Linux prepei va krataei ta dedomeva stn mvnmn kai va exei oloklnra avtigrafa twv programmatwv stn mvnmn (ta opoia topo8etouvati ekei ap' eu8eias apo to sustnma arxeiwv) kai etsi olo kai perissotera programmata briskovtai stn mvnmn kai ta pavta pave pio arga. Deite to Installation HOWTO kai to Installation and Getting Started Guide ( Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn; ) gia plnrofories sto pws 8a stnsete mia katatmnsn avtallagns dedomevwv (swap partition) n eva arxeio avtallagns dedomevwv (swapfile) deite episns to `` H perioxn mou avtallagns dedomevwv dev leitourgei.''. Episns, mporei va exete polu lign pragmatikn mvnmn. Av exete ligotern RAM ap' oti ola ta programmata pou trexete tautoxrova, to Linux 8a xrnsimopoiei to sklnro disko avt' autns kai 8a eivai tromero. H lusn se autn tnv periptwsn eivai va mnv trexete tosa programmata tautoxrova n va agorasete perissotern mvnmn. Mporeite episns va apoktnsete lign parapavw mvnmn metaglwttizovtas kai xrnsimopoiwvtas evav purnva me ligoteres epiloges evergopoinmeves. Deite to `` Pws avaba8mizw/avametaglwttizw tov purnva mou;''. Mporeite va 3erete posn mvnmn kai / n xwro avtallagns xrnsimopoieite, me tnv evtoln free n plnktrologwvtas <verb> cat /proc/meminfo </verb> Av o purnvas sas exei dnmiourgn8ei me epilogn gia disko mvnmns (ramdisk) auto mallov eivai xamevos xwros kai 8a prokalei mia ka8usternsn. Xrnsimopoinste to LILO n to rdev gia va evnmerwsete tov purnva va mnv xrnsimopoinsei disko mvnmns (deite tnv tekmnriwsn tou LILO n plnktrolognste man rdev). --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Mporw va kavw login movo ws root.<label id="Mporw va kavw login movo ws root."> <P> Mallov exete kapoia problnmata egkrisns prosbasns n exete eva arxeio /etc/nologin. Av eivai to teleutaio, topo8etnste tn grammn rm -f /etc/nologin sto /etc/rc.local n to /etc/rc.d/* arxeio. Alliws, eleg3te tis egkriseis sto kelufos sas, kai ta ovomata twv arxeiwv pou emfavizovtai sta mnvumata la8ous, kai episns tous upokatalogous pou periexouv auta ta arxeia, mexri tnv korufn, mexri kai to root katalogo. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>H o8ovn mou eivai gematn para3evous xaraktnres avti gia grammata.<label id="H o8ovn mou eivai gematn para3evous xaraktnres avti gia grammata."> <P> Mallov steilate kapoia duadika dedomeva stnv o8ovn kata la8os. Plnktrolognste echo '\033c' gia va to dior8wsete. Polles diavomes Linux exouv mia evtoln reset pou kavei auto to pragma. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Exw kavei xalia to sustnma mou kai dev mporw va kavw login gia va to ftia3w.<label id="Exw kavei xalia to sustnma mou kai dev mporw va kavw login gia va to ftia3w."> <P> Ekkivnste tov upologistn apo mia disketa avagkns (n apo zeugos disketwv, p.x. Slackware boot- kai root- disketes) (stov upokatalogo install twv Slackware mirrors) n to MCC boot floppy egkatastasns. Uparxouv episns duo kave-to-movos-sou paketa dnmiourgias disketwv avagkns sto sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Recovery. Auta eivai kalutera ka8ws exouv tov diko sas purnva, kai etsi dev diakivduveuete va "mnv exete" suskeues, sustnmata arxeiwv k.o.k. Sto kelufos, kavte mount to disko sas me kati sav <verb> > mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt </verb> Tote to sustnma arxeiwv sas eivai dia8esimo katw apo tov katalogo /mnt kai mporeite va dior8wsete to problnma. 8umn8eite va kavete unmount to disko sas prnv epavekkivnsete (alla3te katalogo sto / prwta, alliws 8a leei oti eivai apasxolnmevo). --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Avakaluya eva terastio kevo asfaleias (trupa) stnv rm! <label id="Avakaluya eva terastio kevo asfaleias (trupa) stnv rm!"> <P> Oxi, dev avakaluyate. Eiste profavws veos sto Unix kai prepei va diabasete eva kalo biblio gia va ma8ete pws leitourgouv orismeva pragmata. Stoixeio: n duvatotnta va sbnsete arxeia katw apo to Unix e3artatai apo to av exete tnv egkrisn va grayete stov katalogo stov opoio auta briskovtai. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>To lpr(1) n to lpd(8) dev douleuouv.<label id="To lpr(1) n to lpd(8) dev douleuouv."> <P> Eles3te to Printing-HOWTO <ref id="Apo pou mporw va parw ta HOWTO kai loipn tekmnriwsn;">. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>H wra se arxeia se katatmnseis msdos dev eivai swstn.<label id="H wra se arxeia se katatmnseis msdos dev eivai swstn."> <P> Uparxei eva sfalma (bug) sto programma clock(8) (to opoio suxva brisketai sto /sbin) -- metraei la8os to peri8wrio, mperdeuovtas ta deuterolepta me ta lepta. Parte mia vewtern ekdosn tou programmatos autou. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va kavw to LILO va diabasei to vmlinux arxeio;<label id="Pws mporw va kavw to LILO va diabasei to vmlinux arxeio;"> <P> Se purnves ekdosns 1.1.80 kai metagevesterous, to sumpiesmevo avtigrafo tou purnva, to opoio to LILO yaxvei va brei, exei metafer8ei sto arch/i386/boot/zImage. To vmlinux arxeio stov root katalogo eivai o asumpiestos purnvas, kai dev 8a eprepe va dokimasete va 3ekivnsete me auto. Autn n allagn exei givei gia va eivai eukolotero va ftia3ete ekdoseis gia diaforous epe3ergastes, katw ap' tov idio pngaio kwdika. ===================================================================== <sect>Pws kavw auto n ma8aivw pws...<label id="Pws kavw auto n ma8aivw pws..."> <P> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va exw kulnsn pros ta pisw se mn grafiko periballov;<label id="Pws mporw va exw kulnsn pros ta pisw se mn grafiko periballov;"> <P> Me tnv e3' orismou Amerikavikn (US) diata3n plnktrologiou mporeite va xrnsimopoinsete to Shift me ta PageUp kai PageDown plnktra. (Snm: Auta prepei va eivai ta gkri, oxi auta tou ari8mntikou plnktrologiou). Me alles diata3eis plnktrologiou, eleg3te tis avtistoixies sto /usr/lib/keytables mporeite va epavaprosdiorisete ta plnktra "kulnsn epavw" kai "kulnsn katw" va eivai opoia 8elete, gia paradeigma, wste va ta epavaprosdiorisete se plnktra ta opoia uparxouv se eva plnktrologio AT 84 plnktrwv. * Dev mporeite va au3nsete to poso keimevo 8a krateitai gia tnv kulnsn e3 aitias tou tropou ulopoinsns, xrnsimopoiwvtas tnv mvnmn o8ovns gia va apo8nkeu8ei perasmevo keimevo, wstoso isws va mporeite va exete perissotern apo8nkeusn se ka8e eikoviko termatiko meiwvovtas tov oliko ari8mo twv eikovikwv termatikwv, deite to <linux/tty.h>. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws evallasw eikovika termatika ; Pws ta evergopoiw;<label id="Pws evallasw eikovika termatika ; Pws ta evergopoiw;"> <P> Se mn grafiko periballov, pieste Aristero Alt-F1 ews Alt-F12 gia va epile3ete ta eikovika termatika (E.T.) tty1 ews tty12, De3i Alt-F1 divei to tty13 kai outw ka8' e3ns. Gia tnv evallagn sta X windows prepei va piesete Ctrl-Alt-F1 k.o.k. Alt-F5 n o,tidnpote allo 8a sas gurisei pisw. Av 8elete va xrnsimopoinsete eva E.T. gia kavovikn prosbasn prepei va to sumperilabete sto /etc/inittab, to opoio elegxei poia termatika kai E.T. exouv duvatotnta prosbasns. Snm: Ta X xreiazovtai toulaxistov eva E.T. gia va 3ekivnsouv. Purnves (kernels) priv tov 1.1.59 exouv eva evswmatwmevo orio stov ari8mo twv E.T., to opoio e3' orismou eivai 8. Deite to NR_CONSOLES sto linux/include/linux/tty.h. Newteroi purnves tous evergopoiouv duvamika, ews 63 pou eivai kai o megistos ari8mos. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws orizw tnv zwvn wras;<label id="Pws orizw tnv zwvn wras;"> <P> Pngaivte stov katalogo (directory) /usr/lib/zoneinfo av dev exete autov tov katalogo 8a xreiasteite to timezone. O kwdikas brisketai sto sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/system/Admin/timesrc-1.2.tar.gz. Kavte mia sumbolikn suvdesn (symbolic link) me ovoma localtime se eva apo ta arxeia se autov tov katalogo (n upokatalogo), kai alln mia me ovoma posixrules sto arxeio localtime. Gia paradeigma: <verb> ln -sf US/Mountain localtime ln -sf localtime posixrules </verb> Autn n allagn 8a evergopoin8ei amesa - dokimaste tnv evtoln date. Mnv dokimasete va xrnsimopoinsete tnv metablntn TZ - afnste tnv kevn (unset) Prepei episns va sigoureuteite oti to roloi tou purnva tou Linux eivai wrismevo stnv swstn wra GMT - plnktrolognste date -u kai bebaiw8eite oti emfavizetai n swstn wra. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti ekdosn (version) tou Linux kai ti ovoma mnxavnmatos xrnsimopoiw;<label id="Ti ekdosn (version) tou Linux kai ti ovoma mnxavnmatos xrnsimopoiw;"> <P> Plnktrolognste: <verb> uname -a </verb> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va evergopoinsw n va apevergopoinsw ta mnvumata sfalmatos tou leitourgikou; (core dumps)<label id="Pws mporw va evergopoinsw n va apevergopoinsw ta mnvumata sfalmatos tou leitourgikou; (core dumps)"> <P> To Linux twra exei e3' orismou apevergopoinmeva ta corefiles gia oles tis ergasies (processes). Mporeite va ta evergopoinsete n va ta apevergopoinsete xrnsimopoiwvtas tnv evtoln ulimit sto bash, tnv limit sto tcsh, n tnv rlimit sto ksh. Deite tis selides bon8eias gia to kelufos (shell) gia perissoteres plnrofories. H evtoln epnrreazei movo ola ta programmata pou ektelouvtai apo auto to kelufos (amesa n emmesa), oxi olo to sustnma. Av 8elete va evergopoinsete n va apevergopoinsete to coredumping gia oles tis ergasies e3' orismou, mporeite va alla3ete tnv proepilegmevn ru8misn (default setting) sto <linux/sched.h> - deite tov orismo tou INIT_TASK, kai episns deite sto <linux/resource.h>. O purnvas 1.2.13 8a paragei a.out core dumps [E8.2 `Ti eivai auta gia to ELF ;']. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws avaba8mizw /avametaglwttizw tov purnva;<label id="Pws avaba8mizw /avametaglwttizw tov purnva;"> <P> Deite to Kernel HOWTO n to arxeio README to opoio avaferetai stnv ekdosn tou purnva sto ftp.cs.helsinki.fi, in /pub/Software/Linux/Kernel kai sta and mirrors [E2.5 `Where can I get Linux material by FTP ?']. Mporei va exete ndn mia ekdosn tou kwdika tou purnva egkatestnmevn sto sustnma sas, alla av tov pnrate ws meros mias diavomns (standard distribution) eivai pi8avo va eivai ligo aparxaiwmevos. (Auto dev eivai problnma av 8elete movo eva purnva ru8mismevo gia tis avagkes sas (custom-configured), alla isws va eivai av 8elete va tov avaba8misete.) 8umn8eite oti gia va avagkasete tov veo purnva va 3ekivnsei prepei va tre3ete to LILO meta pou 8a avtigrayete tov purnva sto root partition -- to Makefile se prosfatous purnves exei eva eidiko zlilo stoxo (target) gi' auto plnktrolognste make zlilo. Ekdoseis purnva me movn upoekdosn (minor version) (p.x., 1.1.x, 1.3.x) eivai oi dokimastikes ekdoseis oi sta8eroi purnves paragwgns exouv zugn upoekdosn (1.0.x, 1.2.x). Av 8elete va dokimasete tous dokimastikous purnves, 8a prepei mallov va eggrafeite stnv linux-kernel lista (mailing list) [E2.8 `What mailing lists are there ?']. O Russel Nelson stelvei perilnyeis apo to ti allages se prosfatous purnves exouv givei sto comp.os.linux.development, kai autes eivai sugkevtrwmeves sto ftp.emlist.com in /pub/kchanges. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Mporw va exw pavw apo 3 seiriakes 8ures, me diamoirazomeves aitnseis diakopwv;<label id="Mporw va exw pavw apo 3 seiriakes 8ures, me diamoirazomeves aitnseis diakopwv;"> <P> Nai, alla mallov dev 8a mporeite va xrnsimopoinsete tautoxrovws duo suvn8ismeves 8ures oi opoies moirazovtai mia aitnsn diakopns (xwris kapoia kolpa). Autos eivai evas periorismos tns arxitektovikns diaulou ISA. Deite to Serial HOWTO gia plnrofories sxetika me pi8aves luseis kai tropous parakamyns tou problnmatos autou. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws dnmiourgw mia disketta ekkivnsns;<label id="Pws dnmiourgw mia disketta ekkivnsns;"> <P> Ftia3te eva sustnma arxeiwv (filesystem) se autn me tous katalogous bin, etc, lib kai dev -- ola osa xreiazeste. Egkatastnste eva purnva se autnv kai kavoviste va balete to LILO va tov 3ekivnsei apo tn disketta. (deite tnv tekmnriwsn (dosumentation) tou LILO, sto lilo.u.*.ps). Av ftia3ete tov purnva (n peite sto LILO va pei stov purnva) va exei eva disko stn mvnmn (ramdisk) tou idiou mege8ous opws n disketta, o diskos mvnmns 8a fortw8ei kata tnv ekkivnsn kai 8a xrnsimopoin8ei (mounted ??) ** ws root avti gia tn disketta. Deite to Bootdisk HOWTO. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws epavaprosdiorizw to plnktrologio mou se Aggliko, Galliko klp.;<label id="Pws epavaprosdiorizw to plnktrologio mou se Aggliko, Galliko klp.;"> <P> Gia prosfatous purnves, parte to /pub/Linux/system/Keyboards/kbd-0.90.tar.gz apo to sunsite.unc.edu. Sigoureuteite oti pnrate tnv swstn ekdosn prepei va xrnsimopoinsete tnv swstn diata3n plnktrologiou pou va tairiazei me tov purnva sas. H ekdosn 0.90 prepei va douleuei me purnves apo 1.0 kai pavw. Gia palaioterous purnves prepei va epe3ergasteite to pavw-pavw Makefile gia tov purnva (top-level kernel Makefile), sto /usr/src/linux. Mporeite va breite perissoteres plnrofories sto Keystroke HOWTO, sto sunsite.unc.edu to /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Keystroke-HOWTO. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va exw to lampaki NUM LOCK va eivai avammevo e3' orismou ;<label id="Pws mporw va exw to lampaki NUM LOCK va eivai avammevo e3' orismou ;"> <P> Xrnsimopoinste to programma setleds, gia paradeigma (sto /etc/rc.local n eva ap' ta /etc/rc.d/* arxeia): <verb> for t in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 do setleds +num < /dev/tty$t > /dev/null done </verb> To setleds eivai meros tou kbd (deite E7.9 `Pws epavaprosdiorizw (remap) to plnktrologio mou se Aggliko, Galliko klp ;'). Evallaktika, tropopoinste (patch) tov purnva. Prepei va orisete to KBD_DEFLEDS va orizetai se (1 << VC_NUMLOCK) otav metaglwttizete to drivers/char/keyboard.c. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va exw pavw apo 128Mb proswrivou xwrou evallagns (swap);<label id="Pws mporw va exw pavw apo 128Mb proswrivou xwrou evallagns (swap);"> <P> Xrnsimopoinste polles swap partitions ws arxeia evallagns (swapfiles) - To Linux upostnrizei mexri 16 perioxes avallagns, n ka8e mia mexri 128Mb. Polu palioi purnves upostnrizav movo perioxes *** avtalagns mexri 16Mb. ===================================================================== <sect>Diafores plnrofories kai apavtnseis<label id="Diafores plnrofories kai apavtnseis"> <P> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws programmatizw to XYZ sto Linux;<label id="Pws programmatizw to XYZ sto Linux;"> <P> Diabaste ta biblia odngiwv xrnsns (manuals), n eva kalo biblio gia to Unix. Oi selides bon8eias (manpages) (plnktrolognste man man) eivai suvn8ws mia kaln pngn avaforas plnroforiwv gia tov akribn tropo xrnsns mias sugkekrimevns evtolns n mias suvartnsns Uparxei episns kai polln evnmerwtikn bibliografia GNU n opoia eivai suxva pio xrnsimn ws ekpaideusn-e3asknsn (tutorial). Tre3te tov Emacs kai plnktrolognste C-h i, n plnktrolognste info info av dev exete n dev sas aresei o Emacs. Snmeiwste oti oi plnrofories tou Emacs gia tov libc (Emacs libc node) dev perigrafouv akribws tnv libc tou Linux (n opoia eivai perissotero sav mia libc paradosiakou Unix , xwris va exei kapoies apo tis idaiterotntes tou GNU), alla eivai arketa kaln gia mia ekpaideusn sto programmatismo tns C gia Unix. H teleutaia ekdosn twv selidwv bon8eias (manpages) gia to Linux kai mia sullogn xrnsimns bibliografias GNU kai diafores alles plnrofories sxetikes me tov programmatismo se Linux mporouv va bre8ouv sto sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/docs/man-pages. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti eivai auta gia to ELF; <label id="Ti eivai auta gia to ELF; "> <P> Deite to ELF HOWTO apo tov Daniel Barlow - snmeiwsn, auto dev eivai to arxeio alla3te se elf, to opoio eivai eva bnma pros bnma ma8nma gia to pws va avaba8misete se ELF movoi sas. To Linux allazei se diaforetikn morfn gia ta ektelesima, ta avtikeimeva kai tis biblio8nkes avtikeimevwv, gvwstn ws `ELF' (n palia morfn legetai `a.out'). Autn n morfn 8a exei polla pleovektnmata, sumperilambavomevns kaluterns upostnri3ns gia diamoirazomeves biblio8nkes (shared libraries) kai duvamikn suvdesn (dynamic linking). Kai oi duo morfes duadikwv, n a.out kai n ELF mporouv va suvuparxouv se eva sustnma. Wstoso, xrnsimopoiouv diaforetikes diamoirazomeves biblio8nkes C, pou 8a prepei va eivai kai oi duo egkatestnmeves. Av 8elete va ma8ete av tov sustnma sas mporei va ektelesei duadika arxeia ELF, kota3te sto /lib gia eva arxeio me ovoma libc.so.5. Av auto uparxei, pi8avotata mporei. Av 8elete va ma8ete av n egkatastasn sas eivai ELF mporeite va diale3ete eva avtiproswpeutiko programma, sav to ls, kai va tre3te to file se auto: <verb> -chiark:~> file /bin/ls /bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped valour:~> file /bin/ls /bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped </verb> Uparxei eva dior8wtiko (patch) gia va kavete tov purnva 1.2.x va metaglwttizei xrnsimopoiwvtas tous mettaglwtistes (compilers) ELF kai va paragei ELF coredumps, sto tsx-11.mit.edu sto /pub/packages/GCC. Dev xreiazeste auto to dior8wtiko gia va trexete ELF ektelesima. O purnvas 1.3.x kai metagevesteroi dev xreiazovtai ka8olou dior8wtiko. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti eivai eva arxeio .gz ; Kai eva .tgz ; Kai ... ;<label id="Ti eivai eva arxeio .gz ; Kai eva .tgz ; Kai ... ;"> <P> Ta .gz (kai .z) arxeia exouv sumpiesti xrnsimopoiwvtas to GNU gzip. Prepei va xrnsimopoinsete sto gunzip (to opoio eivai evas sumbolikos suvdesmos stnv evtoln gzip pou sumperilambavetai me tis perissoteres egkatastaseis Linux ) gia va aposumpiesete to arxeio. Ta .taz kai .tz eivai arxeia kasettas (pou ftiaxtnkav me to Unix tar) sumpiesmeva xrnsimopoiwvtas tnv evtoln tou Unix compress. Ta .tgz (n .tpz) eivai arxeia kasetas sumpiesmeva me to gzip. To .lsm eivai eva stoixeio Xartn Logismikou Linux (Linux Software Map entry), se morfn evos suvtomou arxeiou keimevou. Plnrofories gia ta LSM kai o idios o xartns eivai dia8esima stov upokatalogo docs sto sunsite.unc.edu. To .deb eivai eva duadiko paketo Debian - n morfn duadikwv paketwv pou xrnimopoieitai apo tn diavomn Debian GNU/Linux. Xrnsimopoieitai me to dpkg kai to dpkg-deb (dia8eseima sta sustnmata Debian kai apo to ftp.debian.org). To .rpm eivai eva paketo Red Hat, to opoio xrnsimopoieitai apo tis diavomes Red Hat. Auta briskovtai sto ftp.redhat.com. H evtoln file mporei suxva va sas pei ti eivai eva arxeio Av blepete oti to gzip parapovietai otav prospa8eite va aposumpiesete eva gzipped arxeio, mallov to katebasate (downloaded) se morfn ASCII kata la8os. Prepei va katebazete ta perissotera arxeia se duadikn morfn (binary) - va 8umaste va plnktrologeite tnv evtoln binary sto FTP priv xrnsimopoieite to get gia va katebasete to arxeio. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti snmaivouv ta arxika VFS;<label id="Ti snmaivouv ta arxika VFS;"> <P> Eikoviko sustnma arxeiwv (Virtual File System). Eivai to afairetiko epipedo avamesa sto xrnstn kai to pragmatiko sustnma arxeiwv opws ta ext2, minix kai msdos. Meta3u allwv n douleia tou eivai va adeiazei tnv proswrivn evdiamesn mvnmn (buffer) avagvwsns otav avtilambavetai allagn diskou se eva odngo eukamptns diskettas: <verb> VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0 </verb> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti eivai to BogoMip;<label id="Ti eivai to BogoMip;"> <P> To `BogoMips' eivai mia parafrasn tou `Bogus MIPS'. MIPS snmaivei (avaloga me tov poiov akoute) Ekatommuria Evtolwv ava Deuterolepto -Millions of Instructions per Second-, n Avousia Evdei3n Taxutntas tou Epe3ergastn -Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed-. O ari8mos pou emfavizetai kata tnv ekkivnsn eivai to apotelesma mias ba8movomisns sugxrovismou tou purnva, pou xrnsimopoieitai gia polu suvtomous brogxous ka8usternsns apo orismevous odngous suskeuwv. Xovtrika to BogoMips 8a eivai peripou: <verb> 386SX clock * 0.14 386DX clock * 0.18 486Cyrix/IBM clock * 0.33 486SX/DX/DX2 clock * 0.50 586 clock * 0.39 </verb> Av o ari8mos pou blepete eivai polu xamnloteros apo autov, isws exete piesei to koumpi Turbo n exete ru8misei tnv taxutnta tns CPU la8os, n exete kapoio problnma lav8avousas mvnmns [opws perigrafetai sto Q6.5 `When I add more memory it slows to a crawl.'.] Gia times pou exouv dei av8rwpoi me allous, spavioterous epe3ergastes deite to BogoMips Mini-HOWTO, sto sunsite.unc.edu sto /pub/Linux/docs/howto/mini/BogoMips. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti eivai to Linux Journal kai pou mporw va to brw;<label id="Ti eivai to Linux Journal kai pou mporw va to brw;"> <P> To Linux Journal eivai eva mnviaio periodiko (evtupo) pou diati8etai sta periptera (!) (newsstands) kai mesw suvdromwv se olo tov kosmo. Steilte eva e-mail sto linux@ssc.com gia leptomereies. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Posoi av8rwpoi xrnsimopoiouv Linux;<label id="Posoi av8rwpoi xrnsimopoiouv Linux;"> <P> To Linux diati8etai dwreav kai kaveis dev eivai upoxrewmevos va katagrayei ta avtigrafa pou katexei se kapoia kevtrikn upnresia, etsi eivai duskolo va 3eroume. Polles epixeirnseis epibiwvouv apokleistika apo pwlnsn kai upostnri3n Linux, kai polu ligoi xrnstes tous Linux xrnsimopoiouv autes tis epixeirnseis, kat' avalogia. Ta newsgroups gia to Linux eivai apo ta pio poludiabasmeva sto diktuo, etsi o ari8mos eivai mallov stis ekatovtades xiladwv, alla swsta stoixeia eivai duskolo va bre8ouv. Wstoso, evas gevvaios tupos, o Harald T. Alvestrand Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no, apofasise va prospa8nsei, kai zntaei va tou steilete eva mnvuma sto linux-counter@uninett.no av xrnsimopoieite Linux, me eva apo ta akolou8a 8emata: `I use Linux at home' (xrnsimopoiw to Linux sto spiti), `I use Linux at work' (xrnsimopoiw to Linux stn douleia), n `I use Linux at home and at work' (xrnsimopoiw to Linux sto spiti kai stn douleia). Episns dexetai kataxwrnseis apo allous - rwtnste tov gia plnrofories. ask him for details. Evallaktika mporeite va kataxwrn8eite xrnsimopoiwvtas tis formes WWW sto http://domen.uninett.no/~hta/linux/counter.html. Stelvei tis metrnseis tou sto comp.os.linux.misc ka8e mnva, evallaktika koita3te sto aun.uninett.no sto /pub/misc/linux-counter n stnv proavafer8eisa web selida. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws 8a eprepe va proferw to Linux;<label id="Pws 8a eprepe va proferw to Linux;"> <P> Auto sigoura eivai eva 8ema "8rnskeutikou polemou"! Av 8elete va akousete tov Linus va leei pws to proferei katebaste to english.au n to swedish.au apo ftp.funet.fi (sto /pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds). Av exete karta nxou n tov odngo gia to megafwvaki tou PC mporeite va tous akousete plnktrologwvtas: <verb> cat english.au >/dev/audio </verb> H diafora dev eivai stnv profora tou Linux alla stnv glwssa stnv opoia o Linus leei hello. H agglikn ekdosn exei diakwmwdn8ei polu kala apo tov Jin Choi ws "Hi, my name is Leenoos Torvahlds and I pronounce Leenooks as Leenooks." Gia esas pou dev exete ta aparaitnta gia va to akousete: O Linus proferei to Linux sxedov sav Leenus, opou to ee eivai opws sto feet alla mallov braxutero kai to u eivai mia polu braxutern ekdosn tou eu sto peur (av to proferete opws to u sto put mallov pervaei). 1/4tav o Ian Jackson milaei agglika to proferi Lie-nucks (u opws sto bucket) --- autn eivai mia agglopoinmevn profora pou basizetai stnv avalogia me to ovoma tou Linus, to opoio sta agglika proferetai ws Lie-nus (u opws sto put). Eivai fusika paradekto kai suvn8ismevo va metatrepetai n profora kapoias le3ns otav allazei glwsses. O Ian Jackson vomizei oti n profora Linnucks (braxu i opws sto pit, braxu u opws sto bucket) eivai la8os sta agglika, ka8ws dev eivai n prwtotupn soundikn profora, dev eivai mia logikn agglikopoinsns autns kai dev stnrizetai stnv agglopoinmevn morfn tou ovomatos tou Linus. ===================================================================== <sect>***Frequently encountered error messages. <label id="Frequently encountered error messages."> <P> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Unknown terminal type linux and similar. <label id="Unknown terminal type linux and similar."> <P> In an early 1.3.x kernel the default console terminal type has changed from console to linux. You must edit /etc/termcap to change the line reading: <verb> console|con80x25:\ </verb> to <verb> linux|console|con80x25:\ </verb> (there may be an additional dumb in there -- if so it should be removed.) In order to get the editor to work you may need say TERM=console (for bash and ksh) or setenv TERM console (csh, tcsh) first. Some programs use /usr/lib/terminfo instead of /etc/termcap. For these programs you should upgrade your terminfo, which is part of ncurses. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>During linking I get Undefined symbol _mcount <label id="During linking I get Undefined symbol _mcount"> <P> This is usually due to a bad interaction between a brokenness in SLS and the C library release notes. Your libc.a has been replaced by the profiling library. You should remove libc.a, libg.a and libc_p.a and once again install the new libraries (following the release notes, of course). --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>lp1 on fire <label id="lp1 on fire"> <P> This is a joke/traditional error message indicating that some sort of error is being reported by your printer, but that the error status isn't a valid one. It may be that you have some kind of I/O or IRQ conflict - check your cards' settings. Some people report that they get this message when their printer is switched off. Hopefully it isn't really on fire ... In newer kernels this message reads lp1 reported invalid error status (on fire, eh?). --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>INET: Warning: old style ioctl(IP_SET_DEV) called! <label id="INET: Warning: old style ioctl(IP_SET_DEV) called!"> <P> You are trying to use the old network configuration utilities; the new ones can be found on ftp.linux.org.uk in /pub/linux/Networking/PROGRAMS/NetTools (source only, I'm afraid). Note that they cannot be used just like the old-style programs; see the NET-2 HOWTO for instructions on how to set up networking correctly. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>ld: unrecognized option '-m486' <label id="ld: unrecognized option '-m486'"> <P> You have an old version of ld. Install a newer binutils package -- this will contain an updated ld. Look on tsx-11.mit.edu in /pub/linux/packages/GCC for binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>GCC says Internal compiler error. <label id="GCC says Internal compiler error."> <P> If the fault is repeatable (ie, it always happens at the same place in the same file -- even after rebooting and trying again, using a stable kernel) you have discovered a bug in GCC. See the GCC Info documentation (type Control-h i in Emacs, and select GCC from the menu) for details on how to report this -- make sure you have the latest version though. Note that this is probably not a Linux-specific problem; unless you were compiling a program many other Linux users also compile you should not post your bug report to any of the comp.os.linux groups. If the problem is not repeatable you are very probably experiencing memory corruption -- see Q9.7 `make says Error 139'. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>make says Error 139 <label id="make says Error 139"> <P> Your compiler driver (gcc) dumped core. You probably have a corrupted, buggy or old version of GCC -- get the latest release. Alternatively you may be running out of swap space -- see Q6.8 `My machine runs very slowly when I run GCC / X / ...' for more info. If this doesn't fix the problem you are probably having problems with memory or disk corruption. Check that the clock rate, wait states and refresh timing for your SIMMs and cache are correct (hardware manuals are sometimes wrong, too). If so you may have some dodgy SIMMs or a faulty motherboard or hard disk or controller. Linux, like any Unix, is a very good memory tester --- much better than DOS-based memory test programs. Reportedly some clone x87 maths coprocessors can cause problems; try compiling a kernel with maths emulation [Q7.6 `How do I upgrade/recompile my kernel ?']; you may need to use the no387 kernel command line flag on the LILO prompt to force the kernel to use it, or it may be able to work and still use the 387, with the maths emulation compiled in but mainly unused. Much more information about this problem is available on the WWW at http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~wolff/sig11/. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>shell-init: permission denied when I log in. <label id="shell-init: permission denied when I log in."> <P> Your root directory and all the directories up to your home directory must be readable and executable by everybody. See the manpage for chmod or a book on Unix for how to fix the problem. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>No utmp entry. You must exec ... when I log in. <label id="No utmp entry. You must exec ... when I log in."> <P> Your /var/run/utmp is screwed up. You should have <verb> > /var/run/utmp </verb> in your /etc/rc.local or /etc/rc.d/*. See Q6.11 `I have screwed up my system and can't log in to fix it.' for how to be able to do this. Note that utmp may also be found in /var/adm/utmp or /etc/utmp on some older systems. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Warning -- bdflush not running. <label id="Warning -- bdflush not running."> <P> Modern kernels use a better strategy for writing cached disk blocks. In addition to the kernel changes, this involves replacing the old update program which used to write everything every 30 seconds with a more subtle daemon (actually a pair), known as bdflush. Get bdflush-n.n.tar.gz from the same place as the kernel source code (Q7.6 `How do I upgrade/recompile my kernel ?') and compile and install it; it should be started before the usual boot-time filesystem checks. It will work fine with older kernels as well, so there's no need to keep the old update around. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Warning: obsolete routing request made. <label id="Warning: obsolete routing request made."> <P> This is nothing to worry about; it just means that the version of route you have is a little out of date compared to the kernel. You can make the message go away by getting a new version of route from the same place as the kernel source code (Q7.6 `How do I upgrade/recompile my kernel ?'). --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem. <label id="EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem."> <P> You need to run e2fsck (or fsck -t ext2 if you have the fsck front-end program) with the -a option to get it to clear the `dirty' flag, and then cleanly unmount the partition during each shutdown. The easiest way to do this is to get the latest fsck, umount and shutdown commands, available in Rik Faith's util-linux package (Q2.5 `Where can I get Linux material by FTP?'). You have to make sure that your /etc/rc* scripts use them correctly. NB: don't try to check a filesystem that's mounted read-write -- this includes the root partition if you don't see <verb> VFS: mounted root ... read-only </verb> at boot time. You must arrange to mount the root filesystem readonly to start with, check it if necessary, and then remount it read-write. Read the documentation that comes with util-linux to find out how to do this. Note that you need to specify the -n option to mount to get it not to try to update /etc/mtab, since the root filesystem is still read-only and this will otherwise cause it to fail! --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached. <label id="EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached."> <P> This message is issued by the kernel when it mounts a filesystem that's marked as clean, but whose `number of mounts since check' counter has reached the predefined value. The solution is to get the latest version of the ext2fs utilities (e2fsprogs-0.5b.tar.gz at the time of writing) from the usual sites (Q2.5 `Where can I get Linux material by FTP ?'). The maximal number of mounts value can be examined and changed using the tune2fs program from this package. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached. <label id="EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached."> <P> Kernels from 1.0 onwards support checking a filesystem based on the elapsed time since the last check as well as by the number of mounts. Get the latest version of the ext2fs utilities (see Q9.13 `EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached'). --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>df says Cannot read table of mounted filesystems. <label id="df says Cannot read table of mounted filesystems."> <P> There is probably something wrong with your /etc/mtab or /etc/fstab files. If you have a reasonably new version of mount, /etc/mtab should be emptied or deleted at boot time (in /etc/rc.local or /etc/rc.d/*), using something like <verb> rm -f /etc/mtab* </verb> Some versions of SLS have an entry for the root partition in /etc/mtab made in /etc/rc* by using rdev. This is incorrect -- the newer versions of mount do this automatically. Other versions of SLS have a line in /etc/fstab that looks like: <verb> /dev/sdb1 /root ext2 defaults </verb> This is wrong. /root should read simply /. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>fdisk says Partition X has different physical/logical ... <label id="fdisk says Partition X has different physical/logical ..."> <P> If the partition number (X, above) is 1 this is the same problem as Q9.17 `fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary'. If the partition begins or ends on a cylinder numbered beyond 1024 this is because standard DOS disk geometry information format in the partition table can't cope with cylinder numbers with more than 10 bits. You should see Q4.1 `How can I get Linux to work with my large disk ?'. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary <label id="fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary"> <P> The version of fdisk that comes with many Linux systems creates partitions that fail its own validity checking. Unfortunately if you've already installed your system there's not much you can do about this, apart from copying the data off the partition, deleting and remaking it, and copying the data back. You can avoid the problem by getting the latest version of fdisk, from Rik Faith's util-linux package (available on all good FTP sites). Alternatively, if you are creating a new partition 1 that starts in the first cylinder, you can do the following to get a partition that fdisk likes. 1. Create partition 1 in the normal way. A p listing will produce the mismatch complaint. 2. Type u to set sector mode and do p again. Copy down the number from the "End" column. 3. Delete partition 1. 4. While still in sector mode recreate partition 1. Set the first sector to match the number of sectors per track. This is the sector number in the first line of the p output. Set the last sector to the value noted in 2. above. 5. Type u to reset cylinder mode and continue with other partitions. Ignore the message about unallocated sectors - they refer to the sectors on the first track apart from the Master Boot Record, which are not used if you start the first partition in track 2. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>fdisk says partition n has an odd number of sectors. <label id="fdisk says partition n has an odd number of sectors."> <P> The PC disk partitioning scheme works in 512-byte sectors, but Linux uses 1K blocks. If you have a partition with an odd number of sectors the last sector is wasted. Ignore the message. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>mtools says cannot initialise drive XYZ <label id="mtools says cannot initialise drive XYZ"> <P> This means that mtools is having trouble accessing the drive. This can be due to several things. Often this is due to the permissions on floppy drive devices (/dev/fd0* and /dev/fd1*) being incorrect -- the user running mtools must have the appropriate access. See the manpage for chmod for details. Most versions of mtools distributed with Linux systems (not the standard GNU version) use the contents of a file /etc/mtools to discover which devices and densities to use, in place of having this information compiled into the binary. Mistakes in this file often cause problems. There is often no documentation about this -- distribution packagers please note that this is *evil*. For the easiest way to access your DOS files (especially those on a hard disk partition) see Q3.2 `How do I access files on my DOS partition or floppy ?'. Note -- you should never use mtools to access files on an msdosfs mounted partition or disk ! --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>At the start of booting: Memory tight <label id="At the start of booting: Memory tight"> <P> This means that you have an extra large kernel that means that Linux has to do some special memory-management magic to be able to boot itself from the BIOS. It isn't related to the amount of physical memory in your machine. Ignore the message, or compile a kernel containing only the drivers and features you need (Q7.6 `How do I upgrade/recompile my kernel ?'). --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>You don't exist. Go away. <label id="You don't exist. Go away."> <P> This is not a viral infection :-). It comes from various programs such as write, talk and wall, if your invoking uid doesn't correspond to a valid user (probably due to /etc/passwd being corrupted), or if the session (pseudoterminal, specifically) you're using isn't properly registered in the utmp file (probably because you invoked it in a funny way). ===================================================================== <sect>X Windows<label id="X Windows"> <P> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Upostnrizei to Linux X Windows?<label id="Does Linux support X Windows?"> <P> Nai.To Linux xrnsimopoiei ta XFree86 (n trexousa ekdosn eivai 3.3.1 n opoia eivai basismevn sta X11R6). Prepei va exeis mia karta o8ovns pou va upostnrizetai apo ta XFree86. Des to Linux XFree86 HOWTO gia perissoteres leptomeries. Oi perissoteres ekdoseis tou Linux snmera suvodeuovtai me egkatastasn twv X. Wstoso, mporeis va ta egkatastnseis n va ta avaba8miseis movos sou, apo to /pub/Linux/X11/Xfree86-* sto sunsite.unc.edu kai sta mirror sites.Diabase to XFree86 HOWTO gia odngies egkatastasns. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Pws mporw va brw eva XF86Config arxeio gia to sustnma mou;<label id="Where can I get an XF86Config for my system?"> <P> Des to Linux XFree86 HOWTO. 8a xreiastei va diamorfwseis to diko sou XF86Config arxeio,giati e3artatai apo tov akribn suvdiasmo tns kartas o8ovns kai tns o8ovns pou exeis. Dev eivai toso duskolo va to kaveis -- diabase tis odngies pou eivai mazi me ta XFree, sto /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/etc. To arxeio pou mallov xreiazetai va koita3eis eivai to README.Config. Gia grngoro ru8misma mporeis va tre3eis to programma xf86config. Prosexe oti to ConfigXF86 eivai 3eperasmevo kai dev eivai kalo va to xrnsimopoieis. Parakalw mnv stelvete erwtnseis stn lista comp.os.linux.x sxetika me arxeia XF86Config, kai mnv apavtate se tetoies erwtnseis. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>xterm logins show up strangely in who, finger. <label id="xterm logins show up strangely in who, finger."> <P> To xterm pou erxetai mazi me ta XFree86 2.1 kai metepeita ekdoseis dev katalabaivei swsta tn domn pou xrnsimopoiei to Linux gia to /var/adm/utmp arxeio, sto opoio to sustnma katagrafei poios eivai suvdedemevos. Etsi dev deixvei swsta oles tis plnrofories. Me tnv ekdosn twv XFree86 3.1 kai meta dev uparxei auto to problnma. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Dev mporw va ru8misw ta X Windows va douleyouv swsta. <label id="I can't get X Windows to work right."> <P> Diabase to XFree86 HOWTO -- prose3e tov tomea erwtnsewv kai apavtnsewv. Prospa8nse va diabaseis tn lista comp.windows.x.i386unix -- eidika to FAQ gia tn sugkrimevn lista. Parakalw mnv stelvete erwtnseis sxetika me X Windows n XFree86 stn lista comp.os.linux.x ektos av eivai Linux-specific. ===================================================================== <sect>Erwtnseis gia polu palia programmata.<label id="Questions applicable to very out-of-date software."> <P> Oi erwtnseis se auto tov tomea eivai xrnsimo se xrnstes pou exouv logismiko treis mnves palio. Please let me know if you find the answer to a problem you had here, as unused questions in this section will eventually disappear (Q13.1 `Feedback is invited'). <sect1>To Emacs petaei core. <label id="Emacs just dumps core."> <P> Pi8avov exeis ekdosn tou Emacs n opoia eixe metaglwttistei etsi wste va douleuei me ta X11; auto apaitei tis biblio8nkes gia va douleyei. Av xrnsimopoieis to Slackware mporeis va alla3eis to /usr/bin/emacs symbolic link va deixvei sto emacs-19.29-no-x11 (des man ln).Auto eivai sto arxeio Slackware 3.0's E6 disk. <sect1>To fdisk leei oti dev mporei va xrnsimopoinsei nnn sectors apo auto to partition. <label id="fdisk says cannot use nnn sectors of this partition."> <P> Arxika to Linux upostnrize movo to Minix filesystem, to opoio dev mporei va xrnsimopoinsei perissotera apo 64Mb se eva partition. Autos o periorismos dev uparxei sta poio aveptugmeva filesystems pou uparxouv autn tn stigmn, opws to ext2fs (n deutern ekdosn tou Extended Filesystem, to stavtar filesystem tou Linux). Av sxediazeis va xrnsimopoieiseis to ext2fs agvonse to mnvuma. <sect1>O GCC merikes fores xrnsimopoiei terastia posa eikovikns mvnmns kai kremaei.<label id="GCC sometimes uses huge amounts of virtual memory and thrashes."> <P> Palioteres ekdoseis tou GCC eixav eva problnma to opoio tis ekave va xrnsimopoiouv polln mvnmn av prospa8ouses va metaglwttiseis eva programma pou eixe polla dedomeva tupou static. Mporeis va avaba8miseis tnv ekdosn tou GCC stnv teleutaia 2.7.X, n va pros8eseis perissotern swap mvnmn. <sect1>To plnktrologio mou trelevetai otav allazw Virtual Consoles. <P> Auto eivai eva la8os tou Kernel priv apo to 0.99pl14-alpha-n. Merikes fores to Linux mperdeuei poia modifier plnktra (Shift, Alt, Control ktl.) eivai patnmeva n oxi kai pisteuei oti eva n perissotera eivai patnmeva evw dev eivai. H lusn eivai va patnseis kai va eleu8erwseis ka8e eva apo auta ta plnktra (xwris va patas ta alla) -- auto 8a bebaiwsei oti to Linux 3erei se poia katastasn brisketai to plnktrologio. Auto to problnma sumbaivei suxva otav allazoume kovsola apo ta X Windows. Merikes fores mporei va apofeux8ei afnvovtas Ctrl kai Alt polu grngora molis piesoume to F-key tns VC pou 8eloume va alla3oume. ===================================================================== <sect>Pws mporw va exw epipros8etn bon8eia;<label id="Pws mporw va exw epipros8etn bon8eia;"> <P> <sect1>H erwtnsn mou dev exei akoma apavtn8ei. <label id="You still haven't answered my question!"> <P> Parakalw diabase oln autn tnv apavtnsn priv steileis erwtnsn. 3erw oti eivai ligo megaln,alla mporei va geloiopoin8eis se polu kosmo kai 8a tous kaveis va 3odeyouv polutimn wra. Dev vomizeis oti a3izei va 3odeyeis lign apo tnv wra sou gia va diabaseis kai va akolou8nseis autes tis odngies ; Av vomizeis oti mia erwtnsn dev eivai oloklnromevn n eivai avakribns, steile mail If you think an answer is incomplete or inaccurate, please mail Robert Kiesling at <<htmlurl url="mailto:kiesling@terracom.net" name="kiesling@terracom.net">. Diabaste tis katallnles avafores gia to Linux -- deite Q2.1 Read the appropriate Linux Documentation Project books -- see Q2.1 `Where can I get the HOWTOs and other documentation ?'. Av eiste kaivourgioi sto Unix diabaste to FAQ gia to comp.unix.questions, kai apo ka8e alln omada comp.unix.* to opoio mporei va eivai sxetiko. To Linux eivai evas klovos tou Unix, opote otidnpote diabaste ekei 8a isxuei kai gia to Linux. Auta ta FAQs mporouv, opws kai alla FAQs mporouv va bre8ouv sto rtfm.mit.edu sto /pub/usenet/news.answers (to <<htmlurl url="mailto:mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu" name="mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu">> mporei va sas steilei auta ta arxeia, gi' autous pou dev exouv FTP prosbasn). Uparxouv mirrors twv rtfm's FAQ archives se diafora sites-deite tnv Eisagwgn sto *.answers posting,posted, n koita3te sto news-answers/introduction stov parapavw katalogo. Koita3te ta sxetika HOWTO me to avtikeimevo tns erwtnsns Check the relevant HOWTO for the subject in question, if there is one, or an appropriate old-style sub-FAQ document. Check the FTP sites. Prospa8eiste va peiramatisteite -- Autos eivai o kaluteros tropos va gvwrisete to Unix kai to Linux. Diabaste tis avafores. Deite tis manpages (grayte man man av dev 3erete gia tis manpages. Dokimaste man -k <subject>-- suxva deivei mia lista apo xrnsimes kai sxetikes manpages. Deite tis avafores se Info morfn (grayte C-h i, p.x. Control H pou akolou8eite apo I stov Emacs) -- NB: auto dev isxuei movo gia tov Emacs; gia paradeigma oi avafores gia tov GCC uparxei episns se autn tnv morfn. Suvn8ws eva paketo suvodeuetai apo eva README arxeio, to opoio periexei odngies egkatastasns kai xrnsns. Sigoureuteite oti dev exete eva xalasmevo n palio programma. Av eivai duvato katebaste to kai 3avaegkatastnste to -- pi8avov va exete kavei tnv prwtn fora. Diabaste to comp.os.linux.announce -- auto suxva periexei polu sumavtikes plnrofories gia olous tous xrnstes tou Linux. Gevika oi erwtnseis sxetika me to linux avnkouv sto comp.windows.x.i386unix, kai oxi sto comp.os.linux.x. Alla diabaste autn tn lista prwta (kai to FAQ), priv steilete tnv avakoivwsn sas. Movo av exete kavei ola auta kai eiste akoma kollnmevoi steilte avakoivwsn sto katallnlo comp.os.linux.* newsgroup. Sigoureuteite oti exete diabasei tnv epomevn erwtnsn, Q12.2 `Ti va pw otav zntaw bon8eia',prwta. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ti va pw otav zntaw bon8eia. <label id="What to put in a request for help."> <P> Diabase prosektika tnv parakatw sumbouln sxetika me to pws va grafeis avakoivwseis n email. Exovtas auto upoynv sou au3avovtai oi pi8avotntes kapoios allos xrnstns pou to diabazei va exei arketes plnrofories kai kivntro va apavtnsei. Autn n sumbouln isxuei kai gia avakoivwseis zntwvtas gia bon8eia kai gia proswpika muvnmata se allous xrnstes. Na eisai sigouros oti diveis oles tis leptomereies tou problnmatos, sumperibalomevou : <itemize> <item>Me poio programma akribws exeis problnmata. Dwse tov ari8mo ekdosns av tov 3ereis kai pes pou to brnkes. Polles standard evtoles mporouv va sou dei3ouv tov ari8mo ekdosns av dwseis tnv parametro --version. <item>Poia release tou Linux xrnsimopoieis (MCC, Slackware, Debian n otidnpote) kai poia ekdosn. <item>To akribes kai oloklnro keimevo apo opoiodnpote muvnma la8ous. <item>Poia akribws sumperifora perimeves, kai ti akribws sumperifora paratnreis. A transcript of an example session is a good way of showing this. <item>To periexomevo ka8e configuration arxeio pou xrnsimopoieitai apo to programma kai ka8e allo sxetiko programma. <item>Poia ekdosn tou kernel kai tns biblio8nkns pou xrnsimpoieis. H ekdosn tou kernel mporei va bre8ei grafovtas uname -a kai n biblio8nkn grafovtas ls -l /lib/libc.so.4. <item>Leptomereies gia to hardware pou exete, av eivai katallnlo. </itemize> Mpaiveis se ligo kivduvo va grayeis megalo mail ektos kai av perilambaveis megala komatia pngaiou kwdika, opote prosoxn wste va mnv diveis parapavnsies leptomeries. Na xrnsimopoieis eva 3eka8aro kai leptomeres titlo. Mnv bazete pragmata opws `Dev douleuei' `Linux', `bon8eia' n `erwtnsn' --auto to 3eroume ndn. Krata xwro gia to ovoma tou programmatos, eva kommati apo to muvnma la8ous, perigrafn tns asuvn8nstns sumperiforas, ktl. Av avaferete eva mnvuma tou tupou `unable to handle kernel paging request' akolou8nste tis odngies pou briskovtai sto Linux kernel sources README gia tnv metatropn twv ari8mwv se kati pou eivai pio katavonto.Av dev to kavete auto kaveis dev 8a mporei va to kavei gia seva mia pou n avtistoixia twv ari8mwv me ta ovomata suvartnsewv poikilei apo eva kernel se allo. Topo8etnste mia perilnptikn paragrafo stnv korufn tns avakoivwsns. Sto telos, zntnste gia avtapokriseis mesw mail kai peite oti 8a avakoivwsete mia perilnyn. Parte eva avtigrafo autou xrnsimopoiwvtas Followup-To: apostolea. Epeita steilte mia perilnyn se liges meres n mia bdomada.Mnv evwvetai aplws ta mail--kavte perilnyn.To va balete tnv le3n PERILHYH( perilnyns eivai mia kaln idea.Skeftnte va steilete tnv perilnyn stn comp.os.linux.announce. Prosexete oti to mail sas exei swstn epikefalida. Auto katngoriopoiei to ar8ro sou sav meros ar8rou to opoio avaferetai, gegovos to opoio exei apotelesma va 8ewrn8ei axrnsto apo tous avagvwstes me to upoloipo evws baretou komatiou. Mporeite va avaferete oti exete diabasei auto to FAQ kai ta katallnla HOWTOs-- auto divei stous allous evausma va mnv aporiyouv to mail sas. 8umn8eite oti dev prepei va koivopoieite email ta opoia stal8nkav proswpika se esas xwris tnv adeia tou apostolea. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>8elw va steilw mail se kapoiov sxetika me to problnma mou. <label id="I want to mail someone about my problem."> <P> Prospa8nse va breis tov sugrafea n tov programmatistn opoioudnpote programmatos n meros tou se duskoleuei. Av exeis kapoio snmeio epafns gia to Linux distribution pou xrnsimopoieis, 8a prepei va to xrnsimopoinseis. Parakalw bale otidnpote sto mail sou pou 8a ebazes se avakoivwsn zntwvtas bon8eia. Telika, 8umnsou oti para to gegovos oti oi perissoteroi stnv koivotnta tou Linux eivai pro8umoi va bon8nsouv,8a zntas bon8eia apo kapoiov pou to kavei oikio8elws, wste dev prepei va perimeveis oposdnpote apavtnsn. ===================================================================== <sect>Plnrofories gia to FAQ, adeia xrnsns kai upomvnseis.<label id="Plnrofories gia to FAQ, adeia xrnsns kai upomvnseis."> <P> --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Ta sxolia eivai euprosdekta<label id="Ta sxolia eivai euprosdekta"> <P> Steilte mou ta sxolia gia auto to FAQ. Dexomai ka8e suveisfora gia to FAQ se opoiodnpote morfn. Ola ta sxolia kai oi dior8wseis eivai dektes. Please send them to <<htmlurl url="mailto:kiesling@terracom.net" name="kiesling@terracom.net">>. Av epi8umeite va avafer8eite se erwtnsn(eis) gia to FAQ eivai pio boliko gia meva av avafereste stov titlo tns erwtnsns para stov ari8mo, mia pou oi ari8moi dnmiourgouvtai automata kai dev tous blepw sto pngaio arxeio to opoio douleuw. I prefer comments in English to patchfiles -- I write the FAQ in a different internal format anyway, so I can't use a patchfile. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Morfes pou to FAQ eivai dia8esimo. <label id="Morfes pou to FAQ eivai dia8esimo."> <P> Auto to keimevo (to aggliko) eivai dia8esimo se arxeio keimevou ASCII,se arxeio tupou Emacs Info, se HTML World Wide Web selida, PostScript kai sav USENET news posting. To ASCII,Emacs Info, HTML kai posted ekdoseis kai eva Lout typesetter arxeio (apo to opoio pronx8e to PostScript) pronx8av automata apo eva programma se Perl to opoio pairvei sav eisodo arxeia se morfn Bizarre with No Name. Ta arxeia e3odou linux-faq.ascii, .info kai .ps kai eva arxeio tupou tar linux-faq.source.tar.gz, ta opoioa periexouv ta BFNN pngaia arxeia kai to programma metartopns grammevo se Perl, eivai dia8esima se katalogous sxetika me avafores,se megala Linux FTP sites. The HTML version of this FAQ is available as http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/iwj10/linux-faq/index.html and is mirrored at www.li.org and other sites. H USENET ekdosn avakoivwvetai taktika sto comp.linux.announce, comp.os.linux.answers, comp.answers kai news.answers. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>***Authorship and acknowledgements. <label id="Authorship and acknowledgements."> <P> This FAQ is compiled by Robert Kiesling <<htmlurl url="mailto:kiesling@terracom.net" name="kiesling@terracom.net">>, with assistance and comments from others too numerous to mention. Special thanks are due to Matt Welsh, who moderated comp.os.linux.announce and comp.os.linux.answers, used to coordinate the HOWTOs and has written substantial portions of many of them, to Greg Hankins, who currently coordinates the HOWTOS, to Lars Wirzenius, who currently moderates comp.os.linux.announce, to Marc-Michel Corsini, who wrote the original Linux FAQ, and to Ian Jackson, the previous FAQ-maintainer. Thanks also to the many people who have sent comments and suggestions; they are too numerous to list here, but their input has been invaluable. Last but not least, thanks to Linus Torvalds and the other contributors to Linux for giving us something to write about ! --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>***Disclaimer and Copyright. <label id="Disclaimer and Copyright."> <P> Note that this document is provided ``as is''. The information in it is *not* warranted to be correct. Use it at your own risk. Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers is copyright (C) 1997 by Robert Kiesling <<htmlurl url="mailto:kiesling@terracom.net" name="kiesling@terracom.net">>. Portions are Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 by Ian Jackson, the previous Linux FAQ maintainer. Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety (including this authorship, copyright, and permission notice), provided that no charge is made for the document itself, without the author's consent. Portions may be reproduced for such purposes as reviews, advertising, and derivative works like translations, with the author's consent. Note that this restriction is not intended to prohibit charging for the service of printing or copying a document supplied by your customer. Exceptions to these rules may be granted. I would be happy to answer any questions about this copyright. Email me at <<htmlurl url="mailto:kiesling@terracom.net" name="kiesling@terracom.net">>. These restrictions are here to protect the contributors, not to restrict you as educators and learners. ===================================================================== <sect>Gia tnv Ellnvikn metafrasn<label id="Gia tnv Ellnvikn metafrasn"> <P> H Ellnvikn metafrasn eivai basismevn sto Linux-FAQ, tou Robert Kiesling. To Linux-Hellenic-FAQ 8a prepei va diabazetai se suvdiasmo me to Hellenic-HOWTO, pou epiluei leptomerws problnmata Ellnvwv xrnstwv. To aggliko keimevo dev eivai oti kalutero uparxei, giati exei meivei gia megalo kairo e3w apo tis e3eli3eis, alla kai giati dev mporei va dwsei logikes apavtnseis se Ellnves xrnstes. Auto sumbaivei idiaitera se 8emata me FTP sites, listes klp. Gia auto to logo, se polla snmeia uparxei to "S.t.M." dnladn sxolia tou metafrastn pou exouv skopo va upodei3ouv tnv swstn apavtnsn/ermnveia. Gia to keimevo auto suvergastnkav oi: <verb> 1,2,3 gef@ceid.upatras.gr, Ekkivnsn tou FAQ kai suvtnrnsn. 4 emav@ 5 louther@/mike@ 6,7,8 mike@ 10,11,12,13 sakalis@ 14 gef@ </verb> <sect1>TODO<label id="TODO"> <P> Autes eivai oi douleies pou mevouv va givouv: <verb> 3.6 Metafrasn (gef?) 9 louther@ 13.3, 13.4 (gef) 14 +credits (gef) Elegxos or8ografias (muvnma, suvdiasmos?), tovismos klp. Diabasma olou tou FAQ, euresn avakribeiwv/problnmatwv. Ka8ierwsn orologias. Sugxrovismos me to Aggliko keimevo. </verb> <sect1>Ta sxolia eivai euprosdekta<label id="Ta sxolia eivai euprosdekta"> <P> Parakalw steilte ta sxolia sas gia tnv metafrasn tou FAQ. Oles oi suvdromes, sxolia, paratnrnseis kai dior8wseis eivai dektes. Parakalw steilte tis sto <<htmlurl url="mailto:gef@ceid.upatras.gr?SUBJECT=LINUX-FAQ" name="gef@ceid.upatras.gr?SUBJECT=LINUX-FAQ">>. Eav 8elete va avafer8eite se kapoia erwtnsn tou keimevou, eivai pio xrnsimn n avafora tous me basn tov titlo kai oxi me basn to voumero, giati ta voumera paragovtai automata kai dev faivovtai kav sto arxiko keimevo. Mnv stelvete patchfiles, HTML n allo formarismevo keimevo, giati to FAQ grafetai etsi kai alliws se SGML. --------------------------------------------------------------------- <sect1>Morfes stis opoies diati8etai auto to keimevo<label id="Morfes stis opoies diati8etai auto to keimevo"> <P> Auto to keimevo eivai dia8esimo sav arxeio ASCII, Emacs Info arxeio, HTML selida, Postscript kai sav news sto USENET (comp.os.linux.answers) Oi ASCII, Emacs Info, HTML ekdoseis dnmiourgouvtai automata me xrnsn tou paketou SGMLTOOLS, kai evos Makefile pou 8a breite mazi me tov pngaio SGML kwdika tou FAQ. To FAQ auto uparxei stis e3ns morfes: <itemize> <item> <htmlurl url="Linux-Hellenic-FAQ.html" name="Linux-Hellenic-FAQ.html"> html me Ellnvika 928 (moiazouv me ta windows-1253) <item> <htmlurl url="Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.html" name="Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.html"> html, alla eivai greeklish kai eivai xrnsimo priv stn8ouv ta ellnvika <item> <htmlurl url="Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.txt" name="Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.txt"> txt, greeklish Auto eivai episns greeklish, kai eivai eva arxeio 70Kb. <item> <htmlurl url="Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.sgml" name="Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.sgml"> sgml, Eivai o pngaios kwdikas tou FAQ, pou se suvdiasmo me to <htmlurl url="Makefile" name="Makefile"> kai ta <htmlurl url="http://www.pobox.com/~cg/sgmltools" name="sgml-tools"> paragei ola ta upoloipa. </itemize> </article>